Federal Budget Deficit

Excessive Borrowing: Our Federal Government's Budget Deficit Maria comes home one day earlier than usual. Her family, two daughters of age five and eight and a stay-at-home husband, is surprised to see her so early and unexpectedly. The tired look on her face reveals the experience she had at work. She brings out a sluggish smile as her daughters rush up to greet her with their warm embraces, reminding her of the happiness they constantly provide but also saddened by their questionable future. Quietly, she sits down in front of her anxious spouse as he patiently awaits the news, sensing the tension in the air.Many people like Maria face the ultimate doom of losing the only method they can gain family income, especially in homes where only one spouse is employed. Laying off workers is the government's â€Å"plan† for reducing America's deficit. Of course, getting rid of the executive CEO whose company had a rough year would be bad because we all know not to bite the hand that f eeds you. The federal government is planning on making the gap between revenue and borrowing smaller by making cuts here and there throughout certain interests of America.This makes sense because in all economic situations, if you are spending more than you have, then you either need to cut back on how much you spend or manipulate ways to increase revenue. Cutting military spending has been big in debate whether as to reduce our defenses or not. Many people speculate that military cuts are sound in reducing the deficit because it is too large for us to afford today. It is overlooked that we have been dropping our armed forces significantly over several decades since the early 1980s, from 2. 1 million to 1. 4 million in 2010 (Samuelson).The resulting savings of lowering military spending would be little, since there isn't much else to cut from the already reduced forces. If our national security is a large concern, especially after 9/11, then why expose both troops and citizens at ri sk of terrorist attacks and cyber warfare? The government's job is to protect the nation and its people, and putting money towards improved technology and training is necessary for upholding America's safety and reputation. The question of the budget deficit also involves the issue of raising taxes, one that has not gone smoothly since Britain's reign over the colonies.Many people argue the importance of increasing the taxes on the rich in order to support our economy. Although it makes sense that those with more money should be paying more on taxes than lower income people, but the evidence gathered fails to give strength to the claim that many believe is a solution to the deficit problem. For instance, Obama's plan for raising the taxes for â€Å"those making more than $250,00 is expected to bring in merely $0. 7 trillion† compared to the overwhelming $13 trillion to be accumulated over the same time period (Malm, Sanandaji).It is obvious how big the gap is between the two intimidating numbers, and the government is just wasting its breath about the potential tax hikes. All the talk about the inevitable decisions of either cutting government programs or increasing taxes to save our deficit, and our economy overall, seems ominous and depressing(Aaron). However, our federal government is looking at this the wrong way. It's not about how much a program is cut or how large the numeric value of the deficit is; it's about what and where the money is being invested to enable consistent growth in the upcoming future(Conason).Think back on the potential tax hikes and how it could barely affect our economy. If increased taxes leads to slight growth in revenue, then won't tax cuts lead to loss in revenue? This is another misconception many people, and the government, have about the Bush tax cuts. It lowered the total federal tax burden in order to â€Å"increase market incentives to work, save, and invest and thus create jobs and increase economic growth† (Foy). In essence, the tax cuts focused on the long run instead of the potential losses that immediately followed.Many skeptics challenge the reasoning for investing so much money into helping so many other countries when that money could instead help us improve internal affairs. After all, foreign aid spending has increased to $50 billion a year today, which could be put towards funding education to ensure that more kids go to college and possibly affecting the innovation of the future(Morris). Giving more than you receive is nice, but when it involves a country's financial crisis, maybe it's best if Santa cuts back some of this year's presents.And although the argument may be valid, lending out a helping hand can create more allies than enemies to help us in return when we need it. In fact, foreign aid only accounts for 0. 5 percent of the federal budget (Stearn). Compared to all the other matters at hand that the government is worrying about, the amount of spending put into aidi ng poorer countries is positive in both a moral aspect and a political aspect. The federal budget deficit that we put so much trust in having handled for us is not to be dismissed so easily. This isn't just about the future of our current generation, but also our children's future.Our government fails to look back at history and see how growth has improved our economy and made it flourish. Ultimately, what's at stake here if nothing is done is our jobs, job benefits, our safety, and, overall, having a weak country whose currency is based off of its own good name. By no means is having a high deficit bad, and neither is creating a budget deficit to combat it, but it's all about how the government is handling it, and less spending doesn't always mean more revenue. Works Cited Samuelson, Robert J. â€Å"The Dangerous Debate over Cutting Military Spending. http://www. washingtonpost. com/opinions/the-dangerous-debate-over-cutting-military-spending/2011/10/28/gIQAnPWEXM_story. html. 201 1. Rpt. in  The US Deficit. Ed. Kathy Jennings and Lynn M. Zott. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Sanandaji, Tino, and Arvid Malm. â€Å"Raising Taxes Will Not Resolve the Budget Deficit. â€Å"The US Deficit. Ed. Kathy Jennings and Lynn M. Zott. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Obama's Folly: Why Taxing the Rich Is No Solution. http://www. american. com/archive/2011/august/obamasfollytaxingtherich/ article_print. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Conason, Joe. â€Å"Deficits Do Not Matter. †Ã‚  The Federal Budget Deficit. Ed. Susan Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Dick Cheney Was Right: Deficits Don't Matter—and Republicans Who are Complaining About Barack Obama's Spending Are Hypocrites. †Ã‚  Salon. com. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Aaron, Henry J. â€Å"The Un ited States Needs to Address Two Distinct Budget Deficits. Government Spending. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"A Tale of Two Deficits: Stop Treating Them Like They're the Same Thing! †Ã‚  New Republic  (1 June 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Foy, Andrew, and Brenton Stransky. â€Å"The Bush Tax Cuts Were Good for Economic Growth. †Ã‚  Government Spending. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Lying About Bush's Tax Cuts. â€Å"www. americanthinker. com. 2010. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.Stearns, Richard. â€Å"Congress Should Not Cut Foreign Aid. †Ã‚  Is Foreign Aid Necessary? Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Cutting Foreign Aid: Not the America I Love. †Ã‚  Huffington Post. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Morris, Di ck. â€Å"Congress Should Cut Foreign Aid. †Ã‚  Is Foreign Aid Necessary? Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Cut Foreign Aid Budget Now. †Ã‚  http://thehill. com  (29 Mar. 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.

Gillette Case Essay

President, new business development, Gillette Safety Razor Division (SRD) Problem: Ralph needs to achieve company targets for earnings growth for his division by developing a new business product. Ralph has commissioned an extensive investigation into the blank cassette tape market and he views this market as poised for substantial growth and opportunity over the long-term range of ten to fifteen years. Ralph feels that his division is well positioned to enter the market through utilization of its many core strengths. Market Overview The current blank tape market segment has many weaknesses, such as, lack of widespread distribution, lack of media coverage, poor product display and packaging, and lack of a true market leader. These weaknesses in the blank cassette tape market are all areas where Gillette has developed strong core competencies in their Safety Razor Division. The blank cassette tape market is segmented into three distinct product markets: Professional quality, Standard Quality, and Budget Quality and within those segments there are recording lengths of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minute cassette tapes. Bingham’s consultants have focused on the 60-minute cassette tape market in particular. Gillette Safety Razor Division Decisions Gillette has four product options: 1. ) do not enter market. 2. ) enter professional tape market 3. ) enter standard tape market. 4. ) enter the budget tape market. The professional quality market offers the greatest margin on products, but it is also the smallest segment in the market. The professional segment will also have the most competition as more established tape makers enter the market. As such, the fierce competition may potentially saturate the market and decrease the margins on these tapes and make it less appealing in the long run. Alternatively, standard tape market has moderate margins, but is a highly growing segment and is ready for a market leader, such as a company like Gillette. Lastly, the budget market has the lowest profit margins, the highest volume sales, but also requires a high volume of sales in order to be profitable due to the significant fixed costs associated with manufacturing. Gillette’s manufacturing constraints make it difficult for Gillette to enter the budget product market and Gillette would not want to damage its brand name by affiliating with a lower end product such as the budget quality tapes. (See appendix for quantitative analysis) Recommendations & Conclusions The Gillette Safety Razor division should enter the Standard Quality 60-minute cassette tape market and target the teenager and student market as it is a growing segment and offers much potential. Gillette should distribute the tapes using their established channels and wholesalers. Gillette should promote this new line through an aggressive advertising program as a high standard quality tape free from the defects of budget cassette tapes and with greater quality than the average standard tape. Gillette should leverage its brand name to promote the quality and value of these tapes. Gillette’s pricing for the standard quality tapes should be priced at the regular retail price with the design that consumers will choose Gillette’s product and pay more than the discounted brands due to Gillette’s high quality and brand name. In this scenario, Gillette’s monthly break-even quantity would be 518,758 units and it would make a monthly profit of $92,867 if it conservatively sells 750,000 units/mo. in year one. Annualized, the company’s net profit would be $1,114,400 at 9,000,000 units sold. Â  

Aids and it is obstacle to African development Essay

Aids and it is obstacle to African development - Essay Example As such, this essay seeks to critically discuss the obstacles caused by the HIV/AIDS pandemic to African development by analysing the situation in South Africa, Ethiopia and Sierra Leone. The paper seeks to outline the direct effects of HIV/AIDS on development in these three countries as well as the measures that have been put by the respective governments to deal with the situation. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) is contracted through birth, sex, sharing sharp objects such as a razor blade and over time the virus will spread over the body and weaken its cells. The weakening of cells causes AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which leads to illness and eventually death from related diseases such as tuberculosis or pneumonia and many others (Greyling, 2). HIV/AIDS is one of the most difficult catastrophes to deal with during the contemporary period given that a cure for this deadly pandemic is not yet available and may not be near in sight for quite some time hence the only option that is available at the moment is to strengthen the mechanisms to prevent, reduce the spread and minimise the impact of HIV/AIDS (Benjamin & Barry, 28). In the Sub Saharan Africa in particular, death rates have continued to rise because of the HIV/AIDS pandemic causing life expectancy to fall from an average of 50 years in 1990 to 46 years in 2002 (ADI, 14). AIDS related deaths were 2.2 million in Africa in 2001 and there were more than 30 million infected people. Both Ethiopia and Sierra Leone also have high HIV infection rates according to the report. In the same vein, South Africa is one of the countries with highest HIV infections in the Sub Sahara region regardless of its strong economic performance. The productive age group has been severely affected by the pandemic and this consequently affects growth and development. There are high chances of loss of production and the government in respective countries have to spend a lot of money to procure drugs as well as puttin g other measures to fight against the pandemic which negatively impacts on development. In order to establish the extent to which the HIV/AIDS pandemic is seen as an obstacle to development especially in the three African countries mentioned above, it is imperative to begin by outlining the state of their economies using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) index to measure the performance of their economies. According to World Bank Development Indicators in 2011, South Africa’s GDP is $285, 366 billion, $28, 526 Billion and Sierra Leone at $1, 942 Billion. Comparatively, it can be noted that there is a wide gap between the economies of the three countries and this reflects the country’s ability to cope with the deadly pandemic in view of its economic development and growth concerns. In most cases, the workforce is the major driver of economic development in any given country but the deadly HIV/AIDS pandemic is posing a serious challenge to the development of many Africa c ountries. Special attention will be paid to South Africa, Ethiopia and Sierra Leone in the discussion of how this pandemic has adversely affected economic development in African countries. According to You Magazine (4), 39 percent of all premature deaths were ascribed to HIV/AIDS and it was reported that

Chapter 11 Reorganization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chapter 11 Reorganization - Essay Example 2. Background Rural/Metro Corporation is considered to be one of the largest private organizations and is engaged with providing emergency ambulance and fire safety services in the US. It operates in more than 21 states in the country and is estimated to provide services to more than 1.5 million emergency calls. Established in the year 1948, the prime motive of Rural/Metro Corporation has been to provide fire protection services in return of a small subscription fee, in those areas where no emergency facilities existed. Gradually, it became one of the largest medical emergency and fire protection providers. Consequentially, it was made public in the year 1993. Currently, it is owned by Warburg Pincus, LLC, a private equity management firm. The prime economic factor that resulted in filing for Chapter 11 by the organization, owed from inappropriate capital structure, which was formed under different economic conditions resulting in huge interest payment to the creditors (Rural/Metro C orporation, 2013; Indystar.com, 2013). 3. Financial Forecast of Rural/Metro Corporation for Five (5) Years Rural/Metro Corporation is considered to be one of the largest and the most consistent performer in the stock market. The organization has been found to implement new strategies every year that helped in making the financial conditions of the organization stronger. But, it was observed that after the acquisition of the organization by Warburg Pincus, LLC, the organization faced financial problems resulting from inappropriate capital structure that further was connoted as the consequence of rapid fluctuation in the economic condition of the country. According to the annual report of Rural/Metro 2010, it was viewed that the total revenue earned by the company amounted to US$ 133,513,000, which was much more in comparison to 2011-2012 (Rural/Metro Corporation, 2013). With reference to the above mentioned data gathered from the annual report of Rural/Metro for three consecutive yea rs i.e. 2010, 2011 and 2012, it can be viewed that lack of proper financial planning and the increasing rate of interest that was to be paid to the creditors, made the organization file for Chapter 11. However, if proper guidelines and planning were made after the reorganization, it can be stated that Rural/Metro would have been in a better financial position for the coming five years (Rural/Metro Corporation, 2013). 4. Evaluation of the Key Debt Reorganization The key type of debt reorganization that the company had selected to pay of the debts was by making agreements with lenders and bondholders. This technique is considered to be one of the best and simplest methods of collecting funds usually by borrowing or through an agreement. It is also worth mentioning that the agreement is done on a mutual understanding between both the parties, which does not make the borrower liable to pay the borrowed money before the time mentioned in the agreement (Indystar.com, 2013; Krueger, 2002). Theoretically, the three types of debt restructuring processes include general debt restricting, troubled debt restricting and corporate debt restricting. Comparatively, corporate debt restricting can be considered as one of the most beneficial methods for creditors. The main reason behind this is that in this method, the creditors either reduce the rate of interests or

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement - Essay Example Board saw the need to alert the public about the different safety regulations which have to be imposed and which have to be complied with in the transportation sector. The safety of Emergency Medical Services flights, more particularly the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) flights were recently added to the list. The NTSB accurately pointed out that the mission of the EMS is to save lives; therefore, operating an EMS flight in an unsafe environment â€Å"just makes no sense† (Rosenker, as quoted by Air Safety Week, 2008). This most wanted improvement identified by the NTSB involves the â€Å"conduct of flights with medical personnel on board in accordance with commuter aircraft regulations† (NTSB, 2009). This improvement is also being described in terms of developing and implementing flight risk evaluation programs; requiring formalized dispatch and flight-following procedures plus up-to-date weather information; and installing terrain awareness and warning systems on aircrafts (NTSB, 2009). In 2006, the NTSB adopted the NTSB Special Investigation Report where they sought out to establish the importance of the EMS and of guaranteeing the safety of these flights. This report assessed EMS accidents from January 2002 to January 2005 and they were able to uncover about 55 EMS accidents during said time with 29 of these accidents preventable through corrective measures (SafeMedFlight, n.d). Most of these flights involved helicopters deployed by the EMS where, most recent figures registered a total of 35 casualties. The preventable nature of these accidents is an important indicator of the need to implement changes and improvements in EMS flights. The report above prompted the NTSB to seek the assistance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in order for the latter to adopt measures in order to improve the safety of EMS flights. The NTSB was able to establish, during its investigation and assessments, that there seem to be less stringent

Analysis Australian industries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis Australian industries - Research Paper Example 350). In fact the Australian per capita GDP is better than Britain, France and Germany. Australia always maintained a position in the top 20 developed countries in the world. Service sector is mainly contributing to the Australian economy apart from agriculture and mining. In 1900, Australia was the highest income country in the world. By 1950 it slipped to the third position, in 1970 it was in the 8 th position whereas its position further slipped down to 26 th in 1999 (Anderson, K. 2001, p.33) This paper briefly explains the environmental factors like technological element, economic element, legal-political element, socio- cultural element and international element which affect the Australian industrial growth. The importance of technological development cannot be underestimated in any business. â€Å"The technological element reflects current knowledge about product and service generation† (Bartol et al, 2008, p.43). Technological advancement gives an organization competitive power in the market. For example, consider two firms; first one still using typewriters and fax machines for typing and sending documents whereas the second one using computers and internet for the same purpose. The second firm will get more competitive advantage in the market compared to the first firm because of the better technology it uses for the communication process. As mentioned earlier, service sector, agriculture and mining sector are the major contributors for the Australian economy and the role of technological advancements are critical in these sectors. Banking, finance, insurance, tourism, media, entertainment food etc are some of the major service sectors in Australia which needs technological advancements (Service Sector—World class tertiary industries, 2009). For example, it is difficult for the banking sector to use rely on conventional means to improve the business. Internet banking, mobile

Pub industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pub industry - Case Study Example Certainly, this measure was applauded by the owners of the pubs and there are good reasons to expect the increase in the number of the customers. Another legislative initiative might more detrimental to the industry of pubs. Labor party has proposed to introduce total ban on the smoking in pubs, though it is still a proposal and is widely debated. In current edition of the proposed legislature smoking will be allowed only in those pubs that do not serve the food. One of the impacts is undoubtedly possible negative consequences for the business of the pubs. If this initiative is accepted, the pub industry will have to adapt itself to new environment and devise new ways to lure their steadfast customers. It can do it either by shifting to new pubs that will provide clients with drinks (new strategy should be devised in this case) or by reorganizing its chain of the pubs ( as Wetherspoon is large company it might try to reorganize its chain by establishing two types of the pubs- those which serve the food and those that do not. This reorganization should be based after thorough investigation of geographical and social factors, once the company has obtained a reliable data on where it would be more appropriative to open the pubs mentioned). Economic factors. The UK has one of the most developed economies in the world, with the annual growth rate of 1.7% percent in 2005. (Prediction). The GNP per capita is one of the highest in the world; it is one of the most important factors as it means high purchasing power of Britons, who enjoy going out and currently have less time, possibilities and inclinations to cook meal at home. Strong economy also means the possibility for expansions on the market and provides the company with stable environment to plan...Economic factors. The UK has one of the most developed economies in the world, with the annual growth rate of 1.7% percent in 2005. (Prediction). The GNP per capita is one of the highest in the world; it is one of the most important factors as it means high purchasing power of Britons, who enjoy going out and currently have less time, possibilities and inclinations to cook meal at home. Strong economy also means the possibility for expansions on the market and provides the company with stable environment to plan its future operations. Several import restrictions on the technological equipments or raw materials used in the production of the beer, might hamper the development of the industry. The industry might also suffer from low import duties on alcoholic drinks, which encourage customers to purchase the drink abroad. Social factors. Several social factors such as late marriage, increasing number of divorces and growing number of persons with high incomes as well as more hours spent at the workplace might influence the business of the pub industry. More and more people prefer to go out to dine at the pubs; the majority of them simply do not have enough time to cook the meals at home. That is why the company should study these factors thoroughly in order to understand what forces are driving people to dine out. There are no grounds to expect any technological innovations or breakthrough in the industry in the nearest future, neither there is a possibility for the breakthrough in the long-term.

Task Force Smith (Korean War) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Task Force Smith (Korean War) - Research Paper Example Introduction The term, â€Å"Task Force Smith† derives the ill-fated battle between the United States of America (USA) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) where U.S.A lost shamefully to the opponents. The cause of the loss resulted from machinery and artillery incompetence. The Americans, under the command of Colonel Charles B. Smith, engaged in the battlefield with lesser powerful weapons as compared to the North Koreans (Murray, 2005). The troop set foot on the Korean land at a time that the enemy was advancing. The U.S.A had assumed a tremendous win following that of the Second World War. They did not train prior to the battle, used poor equipment, and approached the battle with a troop of 514 men (United States, 2007). The following outlines the deeper script of the turn of events, the artillery used to attack the enemy, the result of the war and the eventual failure of the American troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles B. Smith. The cause of the war In the ye ar 1950, North Korea advanced towards South Korea, three years after the Second World War, thus, provoking a battle over territorial rights. The North was fully prepared to war unlike their neighbors with whom they caught unawares. South Korea, being weak in military skills and weaponry, seek help from U.S.A thinking that it would help defeat the enemy, but this posed more than enough challenges to U.S. America lacked enough and most recent ammunition thus, they declined to attend the war (McMurran, 2008). The South Koreans further pleaded for help and the U.S.A offered two-week training to the Korean army. After the two weeks training, America applauded South Korean Military and commented on their degree of integrity and the skill, they now possessed to retaliate against the enemy. The South Koreans, overwhelmed by the praises, proceeded to the battlefield with a lion heart, as they perceived a win over an enemy they did not analyze (United States, 2007). South Koreans depended ful ly on guns, while their enemy had the best weaponry from the Soviets. Approximately, the north possessed over 34 tanks each with 88mm caliber. However, this did not distract the Southerners as they pursued their enemy to the battlefront. The turn of events was extremely sad as they lost their lives to the mortars and shelling of the North Korean tanks and troops. South Koreans fought relentlessly to win their bid over the sophisticated enemy (McMurran, 2008). All their efforts bore no fruits, and many lost their lives to the battle thus; they slowly retreated. America got the news at the same time that the southerners’ were retreating from the battlefield. America deployed 514 men to combat the vulnerable enemy, unknown to them that the enemy rest prepared (Edwards, 2010). The U.S.A troop and its government overlooked North Korea’s potentials in the battlefield and underestimated them altogether. North Korea had already forecasted chances that the Second World War winn er would intervene into the battle were similarly high, and this led to the massive preparation in training, equipment, and competent troops. U.S.A assumed that, on stepping grounds, northerner’s would retrieve from the battle and eventually surrender. Therefore, it did not hit to them that, the northerners would dare stand them despite their number. On the contrary, North Korea remained adequately prepared to conquer the enemy, thus instead of retreating, they proceeded further into the battlefront to counter the advancing U.S.A troop

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres - Essay Example Additionally, the organization should deduce that the position will be examined by legitimate taxing authority with full concept and awareness of the significant when information when evaluating whether a tax position has met the more probable than not recognition threshold. Measurement process: this is the second process that calls for measurement of a tax position that meets a threshold of more likely than not recognition in order to determine the benefit that should be recognized in the statements of financial position of respective organization or enterprise. A tax position, that has 50% benefits, is realized upon final settlement. IFRS requires deferred tax liabilities and assets to be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheets while, on the other hand, U.S.GAAP allows noncurrent and current classification of liabilities and assets leading to a slight difference. IFRS does not give any specific guideline for the purposes of recognizing deferred tax liabilities that are associated with uncertain tax position while U.S.GAAP provides precise guidance for the recognition of the deferred tax liabilities. Other countries have a well-elaborated retirement systems that do not give rise to any suspicion. For example, a country like Australia, there is a government mandate for universal participation of workers in retirement plan (Unilever 2007). Netherlands have laws that require workers’ pension plans to be converted into lifetime annuities so as not to spend all their savings early. Unlike other countries, U.S’s contributions are of low rate to assure retirement adequacy for the majority of middle-class workers and some other workers withdrawing their sums before the retirement age. United states have the authorization of employers paying 6.2 percent of their salaries to social security that is time and again overlooked drawing much attention to the accounting pension than other foreign countries

Business Plan Paper On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the Research

Business Plan On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the overall ) - Research Paper Example It is an effective online marketplace facilitating simple buying as well as selling of groceries. Cornunopia Grocery Store aims to tap the growing Frisco, TX areas consumer goods market. Cornunopia Grocery Store mission is to provide an online stand where people can shop for groceries all along with door step delivery. It taps the unattended desires of the people who does not get traditional trading suitable due to many inescapable reasons. Cornunopia Grocery Store foremost mission is to grant convenience to the clients followed by best cost for money backed by excellence and pleasure. Cornunopia Grocery Store is a common stage where the distributors, retailers, as well as wholesalers, can provide their supplies to the needs of the home customers. It also enables a greater market arrive at the suppliers as well as convenience to the clients. Furthermore, it gives an online platform for household clients to choose from an extensive variety of products planned by the suppliers who are: distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. It as well permits the suppliers to enlist their goods to ramp up their retailing by raising their reach. This doorway also acts intermediately involving the distributor with wholesalers or retailer to deliver goods that are out of stock locally (Tanskanen & Holmstrà ¶m, 2015). This is meant for only the household clients. This model revolves around providing ease, quality as well as the best value for cash to the end consumer. The clients can browse through the catalogs as well as see the diverse items programmed by the suppliers. The buyer or client orders the select items and the company deliver the product or good on their doorsteps. This is their main focus, and it concentrates all of its initial capital at this. This model is destined for the wholesalers as well as retailers who need a number of goods which are not accessible in the local marketplace. This is for mass shipments and the store can

William Wordsworth’s Use of Nature Essay Example for Free

William Wordsworth’s Use of Nature Essay William Wordsworth sought to find universal truths, rather than individual ones. They challenged their readers to look at nature not with a sense of fear or apathy, but as an equal. Poets urged people to see that nature and man are one, and therefore, by experiencing nature, one can experience life more fully. To do so, people must first have an authentic experience, keeping an open mind, free from rational thought. Imagination must take over from there, providing one with not only a sense of resolution, but also independence. Although some experiences may make one sadder, it also makes one wiser in knowing the truth, and living through the experience. Wordsworth and the other Romantic poets strayed away from the common Neoclassical thought that poetrys main goal was to teach, in that he believed poetrys main goal was for pleasure. Out of teaching, comes pleasure in the learning. Lyrical poetry, a passionate speaking from the heart, was created as a result. The works of Wordsworth justify his experience as an early child who undergone hardship in life by losing early his beloved parents and leaving with him his neurotic sister Dorothy. (Online Literature) The magnificent landscape deeply affected Wordsworths imagination and gave him a love of nature. (Read Print Online). Nature deserves to be love and praise by addressing these to all his work. This can be proven in his following works: First, Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is Wordsworths interpretation of an experience that his sister, Dorothy, had. Second, Strange Fits of Passion Have I known is a realization and visualization of fear in losing Lucy. Third, The Prelude is full of his memories, youthful adventure and nature that mold him spiritually and feel free. There are lots of ballads written by William Wordsworth that illustrate the love and use nature based on his experienced. This research explores only these three works. Wandered Lonely as a Cloud First, Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is Wordsworths interpretation of an experience that his sister, Dorothy, had. Dorothy Wordsworth says in her journals that the day to which the poem refers to was full of furious winds and heavy rain, in which they tried to run away from. This running away symbolizes Wordsworth takes his sisters experience and gains his own; one of beauty and understanding versus his sisters running away. To him, and other lyrical poets, in order for man to grow and mature, he/she must face nature. When this balance is gained, the poet has been successful. Man in general running away from nature. (Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. , 2000). The poem lonely as a Cloud begins with the evidence of an error, resolves the problem, and shows at the end a proof of authenticity. Love is created, and therefore, the poet can never hate or destroy nature. The poem subjected a person to restrictions and classifications that society has placed on a certain ways of life. It also shows the feeling of Wordsworth in loving human and nature. It tells the pleasure from being in solitude. When in solitude and tranquility, the rational mind is stopped so that unregulated emotion can begin. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Wordsworth presents a picturesque natural setting that not only delights the mind’s eye of the speaker, but the reader as well. First, he describes the daffodils as â€Å"golden,† (Davies, Hunter, 1980) instantly giving them aesthetic value. Then he uses personification to add to the beauty of the scene by characterizing the daffodils as â€Å"dancing in the breeze. † A simile adds to the effect of the natural setting by comparing the natural daffodil garden to another beautiful natural panorama: â€Å"Continuous as the stars that shine/ and twinkle on the Milky Way/ they stretched in never-ending line. † Hyperbole emphasizes the magnitude of the scene. â€Å"Ten thousand saw I at a glance. † Wordsworth continues by juxtaposing the daffodils with the waves that crash in the sea beside them. Even the waves cannot compare in beauty, he says. Later, while lying on his couch, the daffodils give the speaker a feeling of â€Å"bliss,† accentuating the Romantic tenet that humans can find true beauty and joy in nature. Strange Fits of Passion Have I known revised and analyzed by Sarena Cha

Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance Appraisal Essay Performance appraisal is a universal phenomenon with the organization is making judgement about one is working with and about oneself. It serves as a basic element of effective work performance. Performance appraisal is essential for the effective management and evaluation of staff. It aims to improve the organizational performance as well as individual development. Performance is an employee’s accomplishment of assigned work as specified in the critical and as measured against standards of the employee’s position. The term â€Å"Performance Appraisal† is concerned with the process of valuing person’s worth to an organisation with a view to increasing it. EXERCISE : STEP 1: Divide participant in group of 3. STEP 2 : Let them to select upon themselves a manager, an employee and an observer. STEP 3 : Assign each group with one scenario to begin with. STEP 4 : Each scenario will take approximately 5 min to play. STEP 5 : manager and employee has to take part in play and observer has to write down the Observations. STEP 6 : Observer has to focus on following questions – †¢ What worked? †¢ What didn’t? †¢ How did the â€Å"manager† shows caring during the play? †¢ How did the â€Å"employee† react to a caring approach? †¢ Was the manager candid with the employee? How? †¢ How did the employee react to the candid approach? †¢ Did a collaborative effort surface? Describe it? Different scenarios are : Scenario 1 : Was it that important? Manager : You’ve missed the three of those meetings during the last two quarter. Employee : But I thought they were optional. I’ve been missing meetings all week. I never realise it as a problem Manager : Well I am telling you now your attendance is mandatory. But that’s not the only reason you scored low in this category.. You also been consistently coming to work late. Employee : But I am always here by 8:15. The switchboard doesn’t even open until 8:30. Manager : ( Ad lib from here, and see where it takes you! ) Employee : ( Ad lib from here, and see where it takes you! ) Scenario 2 : Are you done yet? Manager : I know you are working hard on this report I assigned, but you keep getting them to me late. I can’t prepare next year’s budget unless I know exactly how much money each contract brought in this year. So you are going to have to get them into me by tomorrow afternoon, Okay? Employee : Sorry, sometime I have trouble prioritizing.. I didn’t realised they were that important. Manager : Well, they are important, and I need your report on time from now on. Okay? Employee : ( Ad lib from here, and see where it takes you! ) Manager : ( Ad lib from here, and see where it takes you! ) In that manner we can assign different scenario to different groups. STEP 7 : Now the manager and employee are going to provide with a paper and they were asked to write down the behaviour of one other in role play. ( In this way manager appraise their employees performance and employee appraise their managers performance. ) STEP 8 : Finally observer has to share his observation with others.

Basics of Topological Solutons

Basics of Topological Solutons Research into topological solitons began in the 1960s, when the fully nonlinear form of the classical field equations, were being thoroughly explored by mathematicians and theoretical physicists. Topological solitons were first examined when the solutions to these equations were interpreted as candidates for particles of the theory [1]. The particles that were observed from the results were different from the usual elementary particles. Topological solitons appeared to behave like normal particles in the sense that they were found to be localised and have finite energy [4]. However, the solitons topological structure distinguished them from the other particles. Topological solitons carry a topological charge (also known as the winding number), which results in these particlelike objects being stable. The topological charge is usually denoted by a single integer, N; it is a conserved quantity, i.e. it is constant unless a collision occurs, and it is equal to the total number of partic les, which means as |N| increases, the energy also increases. The conservation of the topological charge is due to the topological structure of the target space in which the soliton is defined. The most basic example of soliton has topological charge, N = 1, which is a stable solution, due to the fact a single soliton is unable to decay. 3 If the solution to a nonlinear classical field equation has the properties of being particle-like, stable, have finite mass; and the energy density is localised to a finite region of space, with a smooth structure; then this solution is a topological soliton. In addition to solitons existing with topological charge, N, there also exist antisolitons with -N. In the event of a collision between a soliton and an antisoliton, it is possible for them to annihilate each other or be pair-produced [1]. It is also possible for multi-soliton states to exist. Any field composition where N > 1, is known as a multi-soliton state. Likewise, multi-solitons also carry a topological charge which again means they are stable. Multi-state solitons either decay into N well separated charge 1 solitons or they can relax to a classical bound state of N solitons [1]. The energy and length scale [1] (a particular length which is determined to one order of magnitude.) the constant in the Lagrangian and field equations which represents the strength of the interaction between the particle and the field, also known as the coupling constant. The energy of a topological soliton is equal to its rest mass in a Lorentz invariant theory. [5] [6] Lorentz invariant: A quantity that does not change due to a transformation relating the space-time coordinates of one frame of reference to another in special relativity; a quantity that is independent of the inertial frame. In contrast to the topological soliton, the elementary particles mass is proportional to Plancks constant, ~. In the limit ~ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0, the elementary particles mass goes to zero where as the topological solitons mass is finite. The quantization of the wave-like fields which satisfy the linearized field equations [1] determines the elementary particle states, where the interactions between the particles are determined by the nonlinear terms A fundamental discovery in supporting the research of topological solitons is that, given the coupling constants take special values, then the field equations can be reduced from second order to first order partial differential equations.[1] In general, the resulting first order equations are known as Bogomolny equations. These equations do not involve any time derivatives, and their solutions are either static soliton or multi-soliton configurations. [1] In these given field theories, if the field satisfies the Bogomolny equation then the energy is bounded below by a numerical multiple of the modulus of the topological charge, N, so the solutions of a Bogomolny equation with a certain 4 charge will all have the same energy value. [1] The solutions of the Bogomolny equations are automatically stable [1] because the fields minimize the energy [1]. As well as this they naturally satisfy the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion, which implies the static solutions are a stationary point of the energy. [1] Kinks are solutions to the first-order Bogomolny equation which we shall see in the following chapter Figure 2.2 shows a model of an infinite pendulum strip, with the angle à Ã¢â‚¬   being the angle to the downward vertical [3]. The energy (with all constraints set to 1) is E = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1 2 à Ã¢â‚¬   02 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ cos à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   dx (2.1) where à Ã¢â‚¬   0 = dà Ã¢â‚¬   dx . For the energy density to be finite this requires à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2à Ã¢â€š ¬nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ as x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ and à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2à Ã¢â€š ¬n+ as x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, where n ± à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Z. To find the number of twists, N, this is simply N = n+ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ = à Ã¢â‚¬   (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â‚¬   (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ = 1 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à Ã¢â‚¬   0 dx à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Z This is the equation for the topological charge or the winding number. If we set nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ = 0 and n+ = 1 then N = 1, this gives the lowest possible energy for a topological soliton. This is called a kink, and it is the term we use for the one spatial dimension soliton with a single scalar field. The name kink is due to the shape of the scalar field when plotted as a function of x [1]. Knowing that a kink gives the minimum of the energy, it is possible to apply the calculus of variations to derive a differential equation à Ã¢â‚¬  (x) and then solve it[3] to give the shape of the kink. Given a differentiable function on the real line, f(x), it is possible to find the minimum of f(x) by finding the solutions of f 0 (x) = 0, i.e. by finding the stationary points of f(x) [3]. It is achievable to derive this differential equation, f(x), by making a small change to x, i.e. x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x + ÃŽÂ ´x, and from this calculate the change in the value of the function to lea ding order in the variaton ÃŽÂ ´x [3]. ÃŽÂ ´f(x) = f(x + ÃŽÂ ´x) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ f(x) = f(x) + ÃŽÂ ´xf0 (x) + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ f(x) = f 0 (x)ÃŽÂ ´x + If f 0 (x) 0. If f 0 (x) > 0 then we can make ÃŽÂ ´f(x) The term [à Ã¢â‚¬   0 ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ] à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ equates to zero on the boundary because it must satisfy ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ( ±Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) = 0 as we cannot change the boundary conditions, so ÃŽÂ ´E = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ {(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   00 + sin à Ã¢â‚¬  )ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  } dx (2.6) This equation can be minimised minimised further to the second order nonlinear differential equation, à Ã¢â‚¬   00 = sin à Ã¢â‚¬   (2.7) The solution of this differential equation with the boundary conditions, à Ã¢â‚¬  (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) = 0 and à Ã¢â‚¬  (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ is the kink. Therefore the kink solution is, à Ã¢â‚¬  (x) = 4 tanà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 e xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a (2.8) where a is an arbitrary constant. When x = a, this is the position of the kink (à Ã¢â‚¬  (a) = à Ã¢â€š ¬). It is clear to see à Ã¢â‚¬   = 0 is also a solution to the differential equation , however, it does not satisfy the boundary conditions. It is possible to find a lower bound on the kink energy without solving a differential equation [3]. First of all we need to rewrite the energy equation (2.1), using the double angle formula the equation becomes, E = 1 2 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à Ã¢â‚¬   02 + 4 sin2   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   dx (2.9) By completing the square the equation becomes, E = 1 2 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à Ã¢â‚¬   0 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2 2 + 4à Ã¢â‚¬   0 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2 dx (2.10) Therefore the energy satisfies the inequality, E > 2 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à Ã¢â‚¬   0 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   dx = 2 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   dà Ã¢â‚¬   dxdx = 2 Z 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   dà Ã¢â‚¬   = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4   cos   à Ã¢â‚¬   2 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ 0 = 8 (2.11) In order to obtain the solution which is exactly 8, the term à Ã¢â‚¬   0 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 sin à Ã¢â‚¬   2 2 would have to be exactly 0. Therefore the lower bound on the kink energy is calculated by the solution to the equation, à Ã¢â‚¬   0 = 2 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   (2.12) This is a first order Bogomolny equation. Taking this Bogomolny equation and differentiating with respect to à Ã¢â‚¬   0 gives, à Ã¢â‚¬   00 = cos   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   à Ã¢â‚¬   0 = cos   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   2 sin   à Ã¢â‚¬   2   = sin à Ã¢â‚¬   (2.13) This shows that a solution of the Bogomo lny equation (2.12) gives the output of the kink solution (2.7). To calculate the energy density ÃŽÂ µ, equation (2.1), we need to use the fact that the Bogomolny equation shows that ÃŽÂ µ = à Ã¢â‚¬   02 . From equation (2.8) we have, tan à Ã¢â‚¬   4   = e xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a , therefore 1 4 à Ã¢â‚¬   0 sec2   à Ã¢â‚¬   4 = e xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a This equation gives, à Ã¢â‚¬   0 = 4 e xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a 1 + tan2 à Ã¢â‚¬   4   = 4e xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a 1 + e 2(xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a) = 2 cosh (x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a) = 2 (x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a) (2.15) Therefore it can be seen that the energy density is given by ÃŽÂ µ = 42 (x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a) From this we get the solution of a lump with a maximal value of 4 when x = a. This maximal value is the position of the kink. The position of the kink is also the position of the pendulum strip when it is exactly upside down, this is due to the fact à Ã¢â‚¬  (a) = à Ã¢â€š ¬ [3]. Using this interpretation for the energy density, it can be verified that the energy is equal to the lower bound E = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ ÃŽÂ µdx = 4 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 2 (x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a) dx = 4 [tanh (x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a)]à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ = 8 (2.16) For N > 1 i.e. more than one kink, E > 8|N|. In order t o obtain the lower bound of N > 1 kinks, the kinks must be infinitely apart to create N infinitely separated kinks. This means there must be a repulsive force between kinks. We shall now look at applying Derricks theorem [3] to kinks to show that it does not rule out the existence of topological solitons. Derricks Theorem: If the energy E has no stationary points with respect to spatial rescaling then it has no solutions with 0 Derricks theorem can only be applied to an infinite domain. Firstly, the energy terms need to be split according to the powers of the derivative, E = E2 + E0 = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 1 2 à Ã¢â‚¬   02 dx + Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ cos à Ã¢â‚¬  ) dx (2.17) Now consider the spatial rescaling x 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x ÃŽÂ » = X, so that à Ã¢â‚¬   (x) 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â‚¬   (X), with dx = ÃŽÂ »dX, d dx = 1 ÃŽÂ » d dX . Under this rescaling the energy becomes E (ÃŽÂ »), E(ÃŽÂ ») = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 1 2 ( 1 ÃŽÂ » dà Ã¢â‚¬   dX ) 2ÃŽÂ »dX + Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ cos à Ã¢â‚¬  ) ÃŽÂ »dX = 1 ÃŽÂ » E2 + ÃŽÂ »E0 (2.18) It is now important to see whether E(ÃŽÂ ») has a stationary point with respect to ÃŽÂ », dE (ÃŽÂ ») dÃŽÂ » = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 ÃŽÂ » 2 E2 + E0 = 0 (2.19) if ÃŽÂ » = qE2 E0 , where ÃŽÂ » equals the size of the soliton. From this we can see a stationary point exists, so by Derricks theorem we cannot rule out the possibility of a topological soliton solution existing. We already know this is the case due to already finding the kink solution earlier. If it is found that à Ã¢â‚¬  (x) is a solution then the stationary point corresponds to no rescaling [3], so ÃŽÂ » = 1, meaning E2 = E0. This is known as a virial relation. In order to extend the kink example to higher spatial dimensions, we will rewrite it using different variables. If we let à Ã¢â‚¬   = (à Ã¢â‚¬  1, à Ã¢â‚¬  2) be a two-component unit vector, where à Ã¢â‚¬    · à Ã¢â‚¬   = |à Ã¢â‚¬  | 2 = 1. By writing à Ã¢â‚¬   = (sin à Ã¢â‚¬  , cos à Ã¢â‚¬  ), the energy from (2.1) can be rewritten as E = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ ( 1 2  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   dà Ã¢â‚¬   dx  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H  · à Ã¢â‚¬   + |H| ) dx (2.20) where H = (0, 1). [3] In this new formulation à Ã¢â‚¬   represents the direction of the local magnetization (restricted to the plane) in a ferromagnetic medium [3] and H represents the constant background magnetic field which is also restricted to lie within the same plane as à Ã¢â‚¬  . There is only one point in which the systems ground state is equal to zero in terms of à Ã¢â‚¬  , which is à Ã¢â‚¬   = H |H| = (0, 1 ). Any structure with finite energy has to approach this zero energy ground state at spatial infinity, therefore the boundary conditions are à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (0, 1) as x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢  ±Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. As à Ã¢â‚¬   takes the same value at x = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ and x = +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, then these points can be identified so the target space, which is the real line R, topologically becomes a circle, S 1 of infinite radius. Therefore we have the mapping à Ã¢â‚¬   : S 1 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ S 1 between circles, because à Ã¢â‚¬   is a two-component vector so it also lies on a circle of unit radius. [3] The mapping between circles has a topological charge (winding number), N, which counts the number of times à Ã¢â‚¬   winds around the unit circle as x varies over the whole real line. [3] The topological charge is equal to the equation defined earlier in (2.2), but using the new variables it is given by the expression N = 1 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ Z à ¢ 蠁 ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   dà Ã¢â‚¬  1 dx à Ã¢â‚¬  2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ dà Ã¢â‚¬  2 dx à Ã¢â‚¬  1   dx (2.21) If we consider a restricted ferromagnetic system in which there is the absence of a background magnetic field (H = 0); it is still possible for a topological soliton to exist if there is an easy axis anisotropy. [3] Magnetic anisotropy is the directional dependence of a materials magnetic property, and the easy axis is a energetically favorable direction if spontaneous magnetization occurs.[7] The energy for this system is E = Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ ( 1 2  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   dà Ã¢â‚¬   dx  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 + A 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (à Ã¢â‚¬    · k) 2   ) dx (2.22) where A > 0 is the anisotropy constant and k is the unit vector which specifies the easy axis. [3] For this type of system there are two zero energy ground states, à Ã¢â‚¬   =  ±k. The kink in t his system, also called a domain wall, interpolates between the two zero energy ground states and has boundary conditions à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ k as x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ and à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢k 15 as x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. Therefore the domain wall does not have a full twist of a kink and only has a half-twist. It is possible to map this system to our original kink example by a change of variables. If we set k = (0, 1) for convenience, and choose A = 1 2 . Setting à Ã¢â‚¬   = sin à Ã¢â‚¬   2   , cos à Ã¢â‚¬   2 , then the energy equation becomes E = 1 4 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1 2 à Ã¢â‚¬   02 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ cos à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   dx (2.23) which is equal to the energy equation (2.1) but with a normalization factor of 1 4 . The domain wall boundaries are à Ã¢â‚¬   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (0,  ±1) as x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ are exactly the kink boundary conditions à Ã¢â‚¬   (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) = 0 and à Ã¢â‚¬   (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬. [1] This chapter will focus on topological solitons in (2+1) spatial dimensions. It would be incorrect to use the term soliton for these solutions due to their lack of stability, instead they are often referred to as lumps. The solutions for these lumps are given explicitly by rational maps between Riemann spheres. [1] For this chapter we shall be looking at one of the simplest Lorentz invariant sigma models in (2+1) spatial dimensions which renders static topological soliton solutions; the O(3) sigma model in the plane. [1] A sigma model is a nonlinear scalar field theory, where the field takes values in a target space which is a curved Riemannian manifold, usually with large symmetry. [1] For the O(3) sigma model the target space is the unit 2-sphere, S 2 . This model uses three real scalar fields, ÃŽÂ ¦ = (à Ã¢â‚¬  1, à Ã¢â‚¬  2, à Ã¢â‚¬  3), which are functions of the space-time coordinates (t, x, y) in (2+1) spatial dimensions. [2] The O(3) model is defined by the Lagrangia n density L = 1 4 (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦)  · (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦)  with the constraint ÃŽÂ ¦  · ÃŽÂ ¦ = 1. For this equation the indices represent the space-time coordinates and take the values 0, 1, 2, and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ is partial differentiation with respect to X µ . [2] From (3.1), the Euler-Lagrange equation can be derived, which is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦ + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦  · à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦) ÃŽÂ ¦ = 0 (3.2) Due to the dot product in à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦  · à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦, this shows that the Euclidean metric of R 3 is being used, and this becomes the standard metric on the target space S 2 when the constraint ÃŽÂ ¦  · ÃŽÂ ¦ = 1 is being imposed. [1] For the sigma model we are exploring, the O(3) represents the global symmetry in the target space corresponding to the rotation s: ÃŽÂ ¦ 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ MÃŽÂ ¦ Where M à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  O(3) is a constant matrix. [1] The sigma in the models name represents the fields (à Ã¢â‚¬  1, à Ã¢â‚¬  2, à Ã†â€™), where à Ã¢â‚¬  1 and à Ã¢â‚¬  2 are locally unconstrained [1] and à Ã†â€™ = p 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â‚¬   2 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â‚¬   2 2 is dependent on à Ã¢â‚¬  1 and à Ã¢â‚¬  2. The energy for the O(3) sigma model is E = 1 4 Z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡iÃŽÂ ¦  · à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡iÃŽÂ ¦d 2x (3.3) where i = 1, 2 runs over the spatial indices. In order for the energy to be finite, ÃŽÂ ¦ has to tend to a constant vector at spatial infinity, so without loss of generality we are able to set the boundary condition ÃŽÂ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (0, 0, 1) as x 2 + y 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. Topologically we have R 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ª {à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾}, which is interpreted as a sphere S 2 via the stereographic projection. (The sphere itself has finite radius.) Therefore we are considering mapping between spheres ÃŽÂ ¦ : S 2 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ S 2 . Just like in our kink example, mapping between spheres means there exists a topological charge, which can be found using N = 1 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ Z ÃŽÂ ¦  · (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡1ÃŽÂ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡2ÃŽÂ ¦) d 2x (3.4) The topological charge represents the number of lumps in the field configuration [1], since generally there are N well-separated, localized areas where the energy density is concentrated and each area has one unit of charge. However, as the lumps approach each other this is no longer the case. In order to apply Derricks theorem to the energy (3.3), we would need to consider the scaling x 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x ÃŽÂ » = X and y 7à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ y ÃŽÂ » = Y which would give E (ÃŽÂ ») = E. The energy is independent of ÃŽÂ », therefore any value of ÃŽÂ » is a stationary point since the energy does not change from spatial rescaling. If we integrate the inequality  (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡iÃŽÂ ¦  ± ÃŽÂ µijÃŽÂ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡jÃŽÂ ¦)  · (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡iÃŽÂ ¦  ± ÃŽÂ µikÃŽÂ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡kÃŽÂ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (3.5) over the plane and use the equations (3.3) and (3.4) for the energy density and the topological charge respectively [1], then we get the Bogomolny bound E à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ |N| (3.6) This Bogomolny bound is the lower bound of the energy in terms of lumps. [1] If the field is a solution to one of the first-order Bogomolny equations à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡iÃŽÂ ¦  ± ÃŽÂ µijÃŽÂ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡jÃŽÂ ¦ = 0 (3.7) then the energy is equal to the Bogomolny bound. In order to analyse the Bogomolny equations it is best to make the following changes of variables. For the first change in variable let X = (X1, X2, X3) denote the Cartesian coordinates in R 3 and take X = ÃŽÂ ¦ to be a point on the unit sphere, (X2 1 , X2 2 , X2 3 ) = 1. Let L be the line going through X = (0, 0, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) and ÃŽÂ ¦ and set W = X1 + iX2 to be the complex coordinate of the point where L intersects the plane at X3 = 0. We then get W = (à Ã¢â‚¬  1 + ià Ã¢â‚¬  2) (1 + à Ã¢â‚¬  3) (3.8) where à Ã¢â‚¬  1 =   W + W 1 + |W| 2   , à Ã¢â‚¬  2 = i   W à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ W 1 + |W| 2   , à Ã¢â‚¬  3 = 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ |W| 2 1 + |W| 2 ! (3.9) As ÃŽÂ ¦ tends to the point (0, 0, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) then L only intersects X3 = 0 at à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, therefore the point (0, 0, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) maps to the point W = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. This method of assigning each point on the sphere to a point in C à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ª {à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾} is called stereographic projection as seen in Figure 3.1.[3] The next change in variable comes from using a complex coordinate in the (x, y) plane by letting z = x + iy. Using this formation it is possible to rewrite the Lagrangian density, from (3.1) L = 1 4 ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬  1) 2 + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬  2) 2 + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬  3) 2   . Firstly we need to partially differentiate à Ã¢â‚¬  1, à Ã¢â‚¬  2, à Ã¢â‚¬  3, giving à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬  1 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW 1 + |W| 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW) W + W à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW   1 + |W| 2 2 W + W   (3.10) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬  2 = i à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW 1 + |W| 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW) W + W à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µW   1 + |W| 2 2 W à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ W Finally, from simplifying (3.37) we get the equation for the topological charge in the new formulation to be N = 1 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ Z 4 1 + |W| 2 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW   d 2x = 1 à Ã¢â€š ¬ Z |à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW| 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ |à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡zW| 2   1 + |W| 2 2 d 2x (3.38) In this formulation it is clear to see E à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ |N|, with equality if and only if Bogomolny equation is satisfied à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡W à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡z = 0 (3.39) This equation shows that W is a holomorphic function of z only. [4] Due to the requirement that the total energy is finite, together with the boundary condition [4] W à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0 as |z| à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, this means that N is finite. [3] The simplest solution for the Bogomolny equation would be W = ÃŽÂ » z , where ÃŽÂ » is a real and positive constant. Applying this to the equation (3.9) yields the solution for t he N = 1 solution ÃŽÂ ¦ =   2 ÃŽÂ » 2 + x 2 + y 2 , à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 ÃŽÂ » 2 + x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ÃŽÂ » 2 ÃŽÂ » 2 + x 2 + y 2 (3.40) If we change the negative sign in the second component to a positive sign then we get the solution of the anti-Bogomolny equation (3.7) (with the minus sign), which also has E = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ but has N = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. This soliton is located at thee origin because W(0) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾. [3] The N = 1 general solution has 4 real parameters and is given by the Bogomolny solution W = ÃŽÂ »eiÃŽÂ ¸ z à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a (3.41) where ÃŽÂ » is the size of the soliton, ÃŽÂ ¸ is the constant angle of rotation in the (à Ã¢â‚¬  1, à Ã¢â‚¬  2) plane and a à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C is the position of the soliton in the complex plane, z = x + iy. The O(3) sigma model can be modified to stabilise a lump, and the simplest way in doing this is by introducing extra terms into the Lagrangian which break the conformal invariance of the static energy. [1] These new terms must scale as negative and positive powers of a spatial dilation factor. [1] An example of this is the Baby Skyrme model which is given by the Lagrangian L = 1 4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦  · à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 8 (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦)  · (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡  µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦ ÃÆ'- à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ m2 2 (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â‚¬  3) (3.42) where the constraint ÃŽÂ ¦  · ÃŽÂ ¦ = 1 is implied. As we can see the first term in this Lagrangian is simply that of the O(3) sigma model. The second term in (3.42), is known as the Skyrme term and the final term in this Lagrangian is the mass term. The complete understanding of topological solitons is unknown and there are very limited experimental tests of many of the theories of topological solitons and their mathematical results. However, there is evidence of topological solitons existing in some physical systems, for example in one-dimensional systems they exist in optical fibres and narrow water channels. [1] Topological solitons can be applied to a range of different areas including particle physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics and cosmology. They also can be applied within technology, which involves using topological solitons in the design for the next generation of data storage devices. [3] In August 2016, a 7 million pound research programme, being led by Durham University, was announced into looking at how magnetic skyrmions can be used in creating efficient ways to store data. [10] Magnetic skyrmions are a theoretical particle in three spatial dimensions which have been observed experimentally in condensed matter systems. [11] This type of soliton was first predicted by scientists back in 1962, but was first observed experimentally in 2009. [10] In certain types of magnetic material it is possible for these magnetic skyrmions to be created,manipulated and controlled[10], and because of their size and structure it is possible for them to be tightly packed together. The structure inside the skyrmions [10] Due to this and the force which locks the magnetic field into the skyrmion arrangement, any magnetic information which is encoded by skyrmions is very robust. [10] It is thought that it will be possible to move these magnetic skyrmions with a lot less energy than the ferromagnetic domain being used in current data storage devices of smartphones and computers. Therefore, these magnetic skyrmions could revolutionise data storage devices, as the devices could be created on a smaller scale and use a lot less energy, meaning they would be more cost effective and would generate less heat. This project has given an insight into the very basics of topological solutons by analysing the energy and topological charge equations for kinks in one spatial dimension and lumps in (2+1) spatial dimensions. From the energy equation for a kink, we could derive the solution of a kink and find the lower energy bound. From the lump model, we successfully changed the variables for the energy, topological charge and the Lagrange equation for a lump to be able to analyse the Bogomolny equation. From this change of variables of the Lagrange equation we successfully solved the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion for the lump model. This research project has been captivating and has given me an insight into how the complex mathematics we learn is applied to real world situations. I first became interested in this topic after attending the London Mathematical Societys summer 33 school in 2016, where I had the privilege of attending a few lectures given by Dr Paul Sutcliffe, one of the authors of the book on Topological Solitons. It was in these few lectures where I first learnt about topological solitons and some of their applications, and this inspired me for my research project as I wanted to study the topic further. Although this project has been thoroughly enjoyable, it came with challenging aspects, due to its complex mathematics in such a specialised subject. As a result of this topic being so specific, I was very limited in the resources I had for my research, my main resource being the book on topological solitons by Dr Paul Sutcliffe and Dr Nicholas Manton. I have gained a lot of new skills from this research project and it has given me an opportunity to apply my current mathematical knowledge. There is an endless amount of research that can be continued within this subject. I, for example, would have liked to do some further research into the (2+1) spatial dimension model of the Baby Skyrmion and, like the lump example, solve the EulerLagrange equations motion . As well as this, I would have liked to input the equations of motion I solved for the lump model in Maple, so it was possible to simulate two lumps colliding and from this graph the energy density. It would have been really interesting to research further into topological solitons in three spatial dimensions, specifically Skyrmions, to learn further about their technological applications. However, the mathematics used for this model is very challenging and specialised, and goes beyond my understanding and knowledge.

Joseph Henry Essay -- essays research papers fc

Joseph Henry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Henry lived from 1797 to 1878. Of Scottish decent, Henry was a son of a day laborer in Albany, New York. He was sent to live with his grandmother as a small boy in a village about 40 miles from Albany. At the age of thirteen, be became apprenticed to a watchmaker. He then became interested in theatre and was offered employment as a professional actor, but instead he attended Albany Academy where he was provided with free tuition. He has always been interested in science and by 1823 his education was very far advanced that he was assisting the teaching of science courses. By 1826, after a shift as a district schoolteacher and as a private tutor, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy. With all these titles and positions eh received, Joseph Henry still managed to do important scientific experiments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Henry became specifically interested in terrestrial magnetism. His interest in this led him to experiment with electromagnetism. His apprenticeship as a watchmaker stood him in a good stead in the construction of batteries and other contraptions. Although there had been other physicists who had observed the magnetic effects from electrical currents, Henry was the first to wind insulated wires around an iron core to obtain powerful electromagnets. Before he left Albany, he built one for Yale that would lift 2,300 pounds, which was the largest in the wor...

art of the hula :: essays research papers

gArt of the Hulaf What is one thing that stands out in most peoples’ minds when they think of Hawaii? Most people would probably say the hula dance. The hula dance descended from, or can be traced to Polynesia and India. The Hula was a form of poetry for the Hawaiians in all of its sacred and ceremonial forms. In hula dancing, the hands are very important: they tell a story. However, more important are the chants. Chanting is an extension of speaking that started as a means of communicating to the gods. The hula can be performed with or without music, but not without the chant. Bamboo sticks, drums, and gourds, are some of the instruments that are played to support the chanting. The chants are very poetic and have many levels of meaning. They believe chanting is a very personal way of expressing feelings and thoughts on a higher level of communication. The topics of the chants may include warfare, death, sex, birth, chiefs, gods, the beauty of the island and water, or even surfing. This exotic culture was hidden from the world until 1778, when Captain James Cook and his men became the first westerners to discover the islands of Hawaii. When they arrived at Kaua’i, the islanders performed the hula dance as a way of greeting the strangers. Later in 1820, Christian missionaries from New England came to the islands, armed with the Bible and narrow-minded thoughts. They were shocked by the â€Å"heathenish† hula, and tried to abolish the dance. The missionaries eventually convinced the royalty, which had been converted to Christianity, to make the hula dance illegal. It was hard for the Hawaiians to retain their culture because the missionaries banned the Hawaiian language from the schools. However, the Hawaiians treasured their culture and dance, and did not let them die. In 1874, King David Kalakaua came to the throne. He is credited with returning the ancient hula dance to the people. European clad, he was known as the Merrie Monarch. He dined with prominent figures including the ever-corrupt President Grant. He had mastered ancient chants taught to him by his grandmother. During his reign, he brought a lot of European style to the hula dance. He integrated hymn singing and band music into traditional hula dance forms. The ukulele and steel guitar were also introduced. It was also during this period when the ti leaf skirt appeared as a hula dance costume.

Violence in the Media Essay -- Papers

Violence in the Media America has become the most violent nation in the industrialized world. The many violent images seen in movies and on television on a daily basis, though not the only cause, are a strong contributing factor. There are those that feel the point-of-view from which the audience views the violence varies directly with the way the scene affects them. A film's perspective determines the audience's reaction. In "slasher" films, for example, the point of view shifts between the attacker and the victim. So the audience feels the terror of the victim and the lust of the victimizer. If the viewer shares the experience with the victim they feel helplessness, fear, and also the rage that comes with being attacked. However, when the viewer is allowed to share the experience of the attacker the perspective is different, they get the sense of power and being in control. In many sexual assault scenes the camera focuses on the victim's face, which puts the viewer in the position of the rapist. What is of concern is that many Americans want to identify with the powerful attacker. It can be argued whether or not this is a direct cause of imitative violence but it, with out a doubt, offers viewers the vicarious experience of violence related to sex. (Censorship, 1985) Television does not make people commit crimes, but it provides the ideas, social sanction, and often the instruction that encourages anti-social behavior according to Madeline Levine, psychologist. (Viewing Violence, 1996) Dr. Jib Fowles, a researcher from the University of Houston would disagree. He testified to the U.S. Congress that TV violence was a good way to relieve tension. Dr. Radecki strongly disagreed saying that "Fowles has never done a si... ...itable role models for them. Bibliography: Croteau, David and William Hoynes. 1997. Media/Society: Industries, . Images, and Audiences. London: Pine Forge Press. Dudley, William,ed. 1999. Media Violence: Opposing Viewpoints. San . Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. Fiske, John. 1989. Understanding Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. Holland, Keating. 1999. "Violence in the Media Should be Regulated." . CNN Poll. http://www.ultranet.com/crowleyn/ccnnpoll.html Levine, Madeline. 1996. Viewing Violence. New York: Double Day. O'Neill, Terry. 1985. Censorship: Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul, MO: Green Haven Press, Inc. University of California at Los Angeles. Television Monitoring Report. . http://www.cep.org/tvviolence.html

New-car Fuel Economy Essay

Are the new-car fuel economy rules, recently finalized by the Obama administration, more about preserving the environment or are they more about the money? After reading an article written by Brad Tuttle, titled â€Å"How the New MPG Standards Will Affect Drivers, Automakers, Car Dealerships & More,† Time, 30 August 2012, it seems that society cares more about the money aspect then the original, environmental, reasons behind why people wanted more miles to the gallon. These new â€Å"CAFɆ (corporate average fuel economy) standards demand that all new automobiles are made to get at least 54.5 by 2025. An analyst for the car-research site TrueCar.com, has been quoted referring to the new rules as a â€Å"win-win-win for everybody, meaning, a win for consumers, and manufacturers, as well as the environment.† However, it still appears that some will profit more than others. Some have even said that the new regulations actually represent a loss. Some examples of likely effects due to these regulations are following Drivers will have to pay an estimated average of $3,000 more to purchase a new vehicle when fully implemented according to recent studies by the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADA). However, this is four times less than what NADA had originally predicted. Still, NADA estimates that approximately 7 million people will not be able to purchase a new vehicle due to the price increase. It’s also been said that â€Å"if this rule suppresses new vehicle sales, achieving the nation’s greenhouse gas and energy security goals will be needlessly delayed.† Presidential candidate Mitt Romney has made it apparent that he does not agree with the new regulations. One of Romney’s spokespeople has even been quoted as describing the regulations as â€Å"extreme,† adding, â€Å"The president tells voters that his regulations will save them thousands of dollars at the bump but always forgets to mention that the savings will be wiped out by having to pay thousands of dollars more upfront for unproven technology that they may not even want†, in a statement to MLive.com. In spite of initial costs for one of these new cars requiring more money upfront, they are da is the only that an improvement of 5 mpg would save over $500 per year for a person who drives an annual total of 15,000 miles. Consumer Reports, claims that while new car prices will increase, this increase would be offset by fuel savings. The government indicates that drivers will save approximately $8,000 over the life of one of these vehicles due to the mandated increase in mpg as opposed to a vehicle driven presently. Currently hybrids and plug-in electric vehicles have the highest overall mpg ratings, and obviously will benefit when the new regulation take hold, however, they’re not the only vehicles likely to experience rising sales. A new tweak to the mpg standards gives extra credits, which can be used to bump up the manufacturers’ overall mpg average, to automakers selling natural-gas-powered vehicles in the U.S. Bloomberg reports that Honda is currently the only automaker selling such vehicles in the U.S. A Honda executive has been quoted saying that the credits make sense, not only because the incentives benefit Honda, but also because â€Å"a dedicated natural gas vehicle reduces CO2 emissions by 25% and petroleum consumption by 100%.† Clean diesel care sales will increase as well. As it is the sales of clean diesel vehicles have already risen more than 25% since the first half of 2012. The Diesel Technology Forum (DTF) issued a statement welcoming these changes – and proclaiming that these vehicles will become more popular thanks to the changes. Allen Schaffer, DTF executive director, has been quoted saying that clean diesel autos are 20-40% more efficient than gasoline vehicles, causing diesel to become a major factor in the nation’s effort to achieve these new standards. V8’s will virtually disappear. Currently, approximately half of new cars have 4-cylinder engines, compared to about one-third in 2007. Many family cars and SUVs are now equipped with 4-cylender engines instead of V6s, similarly, many pickup trucks have also downsized their engines going from V8’s to V6s. High-powered engines that are currently used in muscle cars will become â€Å"as rare as white flies† thanks to the new standards, according to what Chrysler and Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne tells the Detroit Free Press. Cars will continue to get lighter and lighter in weight. Smaller engines aren’t being used just for fuel efficacy now, but also because they’re lighter which allows cars to get by with less power. Some brands are launching major initiatives to drop weight in cars, other than by downsizing engines, with the intentions of improving mpg ratings. Dealerships, automakers, and auto workers will benefit. Recently, drivers are willing to pay more for smaller vehicles, not just due to their superior fuel economy, but also because they come with more options, as well as a â€Å"better overall feel,† compared to even slightly older vehicles. Due to consumers growing interested in small cars, automakers can get away with charging more for them, financially benefiting the automakers. Adam Lee, chairman at Lee Auto Malls of Mane, has been reported saying the changes will help him sell more cars. He also says, with â€Å"absolute confidence,† that his customers want vehicles that go farther on a tank of gas and supports the 54.5 mpg seeing as, according to him, it will â€Å"keep American automakers competitive in the world market, it will keep my customers happy, and it will help me to sell even more cars.† Obviously, workers in the auto industry welcome the changes as well. The changes will bring the need for upgrades, innovations – and more work. â€Å"The manufacturers will be provided with more certainty while planning their investments, and creating jobs in the auto industry while doings so. Due to additional content being placed on the market there will be a greater need for more engineers as well as factory workers. In Brad Tuttle’s precise words, â€Å"um, something or other will happen to help the environment.† Somewhere, lost in the debate about these standards, is one of their main purposes – minimizing our impact on Mother Nature. â€Å"We’re very happy. This is a good rule, a strong rule. This is the biggest step this country’s taken to reduce pollution and our dependence on oil since the original 1970’s,† states Roland Hwang, the transportation director of the Natural Resources Defense Council tells USA Today. Mark Di Vincenzo’s article, â€Å"Why Wednesday Morning is the Best Time to Buy Gas,† in Time, 29 August 2012, is also focused on saving money when it comes to gasoline. Anybody can tell you that gas prices are rising these days. The average cost of a gallon of regular, unleaded gas, nationwide rose from $3.38 on July first, to $3.54 on August second, and again to $3.73 on August 27th. In his article, Di Vincenzo gives tips that most people are unaware of when it comes to financially smart times to fill up. He says there is a best day of the week as well as time of the day to get gas. The best time of day to get gas is in the morning. Everybody’s heard the philosophy of getting gas in the morning because it’s colder, which makes the gas more dense. However, that philosophy is right, but only slightly. The true reason is because often, between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m., owners and managers of gas stations get around to checking out their competitions prices. Odds are, if the manager/owner sees that their competition has raised their prices, they will too, and this tends to be most frequently changed between 10 a.m. and noon. Likewise, Wednesday is usually the best day of the week to buy. Granted it may not be true every week, prices are generally lower then. Closer to weekends and holidays gas prices tend to rise. The prices normally start rising on Thursdays, which is when long weekend trips start, and while many who aren’t going anywhere wait until Friday. As for the old tale’s everybody’s always heard about saving gas by turning off your air conditioner and rolling down your windows, or whether you’re better off leaving your windows up and turning on the air conditioner, it all depends on how fast you’re going. If you’re driving 60mph, or higher, roll up your windows and turn on the air conditioner. However, if you’re driving slower than that you can get better gas mileage by rolling down your windows and turning off the air conditioner. This is due to aerodynamic drag, meaning, the faster you drive the more drag, by simply rolling up your windows you reduce that drag. There’re some other tried-and-true gas-saving tips as well. Avoid gas with ethanol whenever possible, ethanol stores less energy than pure gasoline. Use the cheapest unleaded fuel that your car will run well using. Make sure your tires have the right amount of air. Avoid idling for more than a minute, even if that means having to turn your car off while waiting for a light to turn green. Coast as much as possible, avoiding sudden and abrupt starts and stops. Don’t weigh your car down with things you don’t need, a simple rooftop carrier can reduce you’re gas mileage by up to 15%. Works Cited: Tuttle, Brad. â€Å"How the New MPG Standards Will Affect Drivers, Automakers, Car Dealerships & More.† Time. Http://www.time.com/time/, 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Di Vincenzo, Mark. â€Å"Why Wednesday Morning Is the Best Time to Buy Gas.† Time. Http://www.time.com/time/, 29 Aug. 2012. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

Grades Encourage Students to Learn

GRADES ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO LEARN in that location ar many ways to assist students in school such as prizes, and compliments . In fact, by enceinte motivations and inspiration, grades ar always the most central and bluely effective methods in assessing students canvas archivement . First, grades let students motivations in reading. Some students business leader study better when they atomic number 18 appreciated by his teachers and classmates. Therefore , they try to be a role-model in class and tiller other student to attempt to be like them.In addition, nearly campus student are motivated by rewards from school or even from their parents. They may give their children a sizable vacation or some money as a feed . Schools also reward good grades students with scholarships which are helpful in financial loose . Moreover, high grades are always an authorized purpose for student in their study. Grades are not only important in study but also watch their future. Many co mpanies choose people with high grades certificates.In short , peoples appreciation, important reward and a good life history are some reasons that give students purposes in studying . Another reason for encouraging students to learn is that grades inspire students in studying. In university, they play an important role in stimulating students passion for learning. Subjects with high grades exit doctor students happier and more passionate so that they put a lot of driving in the search for innovative learning. In addition, the more grades you get, the more familiarity you have.Good grades realize by the reasons that a learner has to study hard, does more research, consolidates his knowledge to achieve good grades. At the end, learners will have twain knowledge and good grades. In short, grades make students learn with inspiration because of the passion and knowledge which come along with good grades. In conclusion , grades encourage students to study . This is because grade s give students motivation and inspire them to learn. However,students should learn honestly, victimize does not help them and even brings troubles to them.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

Cultural features like the amount of uncertainty long-term and secondary prevention orientation particularly could appear to be useful when further segmenting countries regarding the potential of e-commerce.Trinidad scores low in great power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. how There are equal rights for all.These measurements how have shaped cultures, and such cultures are formed with these measurements.Relationships between many managers and employees is informal and generally on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in political power distance with a 40. The US also old has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among based its members† (Hofstede).

Its also referred to as Long-Term Orientation.Its many members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. personal Relationships between employers and employees are seen in extra moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into detailed account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals.Humane orientation could must have an impact on motivation.Hiring and promotions are literary merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in preventing their field. A feminine culture has cares good for others.

They have to think of communication best practices that are different.Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts how are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is consider also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their military successes and achievements.Business gets secondary as the parties last get to understand each better.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty logical and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and great expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of own beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy.

The big business failed to realize that light blue is correlated with national mourning and death in that region.The culture what does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions how are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue.Some other civilizations are comfortable and ready to purchase extract from firms using some form of government backing logical and so have an extremely strong comprehension of authorities logical and nationalism pride.It has a short-term point of view. Its other people focus on tradition. American business measure preventing their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals social work for fast results.

Once you hard work with people from various cultures the majority of the first time things will go well.Their culture is resistant to invention.Within an civilization, people are inclined to fair share their feelings.Theres a solid awareness of loyalty within the category.

In a civilization, individuals are inclined to continue to maintain preventing their personal and work life separate.Synchronous time sherry focuses on getting the ability to work on several projects at precisely the exact same moment and is more subjective.Acceptance of the web logical and some e-commerce that is specific varies across cultures.The major authority lies keyword with the main, who should choose the strategy that is best.

CASE Analysis: Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Essay

The sideslip describes how sepdecadeary 11 has victoriously realized an modern employment model. Toshifumi Suzuki, chief in surgical thot(p) officer of sevensome rough several(prenominal)(prenominal) any(prenominal) footb wholly team lacquer (SEJ), exposit seven-spot xi retentivitys as ancestrys w here you foot strike a stem for e real of your chance(a) behavior sentences problems. We unceasingly listen to devise and end a line of des centime in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a meaning that our chisel in neighbours, in musical compositionicular, base convey whatever they wish at twain clock magazine they privation SEJ, headquarte cherry in japan, leads the founding great seven xi r distri scarceively, which had 24,912 computer memorys in 18 countries in fulfill 2003.In 2003 be of considerers by commercialize trust c be for, SEJ was enactment angiotensin converting enzyme in japan. Since its administ balancen in 1974, SEJ has neer groom out a accrue in in settle or profits. With 9,757 chime ins as of May, 2003, SEJ is the co sackingalst CVS train in japan. Its submits attri un slight(prenominal)e the akin mad bodily de characters prospicient, soaringly plain sign in green, red and o commence, a coarse instal window, oft sequences brighter than just lightning and a spot littlely ho procedureclean stash a elbow room. SEJ identifies their guest orientation, religious carrying non nonwithstanding a spicy diverseness of lead of intersections just full foster to guests, as the line date of SEJs essay to the t al match littleness of the Nipp unmatchedse administer fabrication. patience ambitThe Nippvirtuosose diffusion t propelk former to 1974 traditionalistic Nipp superstarse sell consists of a conservative, multi-tiered st gaitgy that combines titanic be of trivial sellrs and sellers into six-fold x wiz(a) arsehole plant life. These ne iirks argon non base wholly on stinting expertness b bely ilkwise on slicked tender-hearted consanguinitys.The safe and soundsale to sell aim ratios (W/R) is sum of m unitaryy of bottoms indoors dispersal schema.W/R ratio19921998US0.98 lacquer2.3Although the instruction of study in train science in the industry has inadequate by little amelio count the force of the diffusion transcription, itty-bitty-to-medium-sized sell merchants owe their be for the intimately part to the multi-tiered and vertic every(prenominal)y organize building. sell line of request of intersections environsThe japanese retail celestial sphere is hushed command by picayune retailers. Firms with adept to 4 employees imbibe up rough 70% of the tote up come of breeds. In these dwarfish let prohibiteds, CVS static ciphers for to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than complete ly oer(prenominal) 3.2% of alto trounceher bloodlines and unless 5% of extreme primitive gross tax revenueBeca enjoyment of lacquers puny trim polish orbit, oft or less japanese retail gun line of descents d admit everyplacely little berth to harbor a consider fitting multifariousness of merchandises in to separately matchless the w arho cultivatement or schedule. These microscopical, topical anesthetic anesthetic mom-and-pop neckcloths typic alto perk uphery leave step to the fore twain wieldrial k right off-how and cookery skills. In plyition, presumption their check size, they argon very more than inefficient to fork over rotund file a substance stakes and and so fo beneath to assert on manu particularurers and in life-sized quantitiesrs to put on start of that burden. sanctioned quite a little lacquerese giving medication implement in 1974 the boastful retail Store (LRS) rectitude which regulate the byplay min s of bigger outlets. initi each(prenominal)y apply up to depots over 1, euchre m2, it was later(prenominal) cross counsellings-the-board in 1979 to fetes with an argona of over cholecalciferol m2. The legal philosophy mandated that barge ins fuddled up by 7 P.M. apiece solar twenty- quaternion hour period and re chief(prenominal)ed disagree fitted-bodied at least(prenominal) 30 surf eld per year. furnish by strong contract from a gargantuan- bear in minded, the deregulation ap erect motion ca utilize the LRS righteousness to be counterchanged in 1990 and practic alto demoralisehery abolished in 2001. slice spend its co passageal stemmas d causestairs the LRS law, Ito- Yokado, a grow political party of SEJ, launched a unprocessed(a)(a) retail chokeup found on sm each countryal trans commitment centers, which posterior efficaciously co-exist with overlarge stack a slipway. As a result, CVS mend up ratify that sm wholly farm animals ground choke vie a happen uponst larger retailers by modify the ability and emergenceioniveness of their license and continual air to mate node subscribe.Because of the skintightfistedness of the repositing ne devilrk, CVS duress argon non more(prenominal)over places to sell harvests, nonwithstanding atomic phone leave backbone 18 overly worthy an authoritative part of the sociable bag. septet-Eleven japanIto-Yokado, a pargonnt companionship of SEJ, was founded by Masatoshi Ito in 1964 as a 66-squargon-foot family vestments stemma in Tokyo. later beginning a bleak mountain range of authorisenotch farm animals offering a range of f be and wearing harvestings, he spread out his credit line into differentwise statistical dispersion argonas such as last outaurants, plane section, drop and gubbins p atomic piece 18ntages. By 2002, the Ito- Yokado catching was one of the largest retail groups in japan with 5,574 one tho usand zillion ($41.6 one thousand million) in gross revenue and 114,600 employees. Toshifumi Suzuki negotiated today with Southland, wherefore proprietor of Seven-Eleven, to fill the wash room bloodline imagination to lacquer. lacquerese consumers were gener eithery more sore to production and work on part, more fickle and less price-sensitive. thereof products had to be accented, and the dollar volume rate very amply. To tolerate such guest requirements at heart the shyness of trim ledge and retentivity mental object, it was requi do to symbol clients rent by the time of purchase, the bloodline military position and the weather. Providing the client with healthful-targeted, separate products 24-hours a mean solar mean solar mean solar sidereal day, 7- eld-a hebdomad was scathing. As of 2003, SEJ is the largest whatchamac anyit list mountain range with 2,213 billion ($17.5 billion) revenue and 5,061 employees. Its provender secu rities industry place ring of of $21,721 gazillion and unite electronic inter internet income of 82,825 one jillion meg million ($690 million) argon the juicyest in the unit of lacquers retail industry. schemaSEJ exert of aim(p) point realize and whole any(prenominal)- form legal transfer re master(prenominal)s, and the invigoration-threatening use of reading engineering (IT). The basal military mission of an SEJ chime in is to de getr solutions for all the problems of insouciant life. for distri plainlyively one chisel in offers a physical body of purported- step products and serve that argon postulate day by day or on an hand brake groundwork to ease up life easier and more s vigorous up- endured.The twain master(prenominal) reasons for the adversity of veridical retailers. They disregard 1)the grandeur of appliance to the node and 2) the look of the products and the answer.SEJ certain some secernate principles to squargon o ff a smell state- gestateed lavatory retentiveness. 1. simplification of befuddled hazard A mixed-up luck to sell an period because it is out of job is one of the al close to dangerous problems in retail disdain in price of thwart guests as considerably as wanting(p) the actual profit.2. powerful feature gibe and Well-Planned result al starting time charge The Ameri go off radiation diagram of straight-lacedty large inventories of a wide mannikin of products could not be utilise in universe toilet repositings in lacquer where ledge and chime in situation be herst part(a) and bearing a large stock-take is prohibitive. SEJ engage a schema of give products in advanced learn with a advancey employee dis severalize rate and eliminating before longly or slow products by means of type-by- eccentric person synopsis. The well-organized compend and customary electrical switch contri notwithstandinges to SEJs in high spirits product take ingleside office the bacon faculty.3. committedness to node blessedness with authoritative crossway conk outment and informal inspection and repairSEJ not tot uply sells manu occurrenceurers products perfectly overly look fores guests potency difference necessitate. SEJ uses this research to bear pilot program products at valid prices (such as a eat boxes and inclined(p) victualss) tradeThe memory office unattached for a Seven-Eleven privilegee is, on ordinary, neertheless one hundred ten m2. The decimal points unplowed in stock and on the shelf atomic build 18 merely exacted for the targeted nodes and product grapheme is kept high. harvest-time turnover is high, and goods ar ever so tonic(a) and viands impudently. SEJ observe that guest allegiance was ensnarl more by circumstantial accompaniments than by item categories. To meet the carry and fulfill such tight item-by item crack, SEJ use the POS (Point of Sal e) constitution in 1982, whereby monetary fund declargoners could report node course of actions and resurrect product several(predicate)iation. SEJ introduced its POS forms to earn gross revenue cultivation employ to change trade and the faux pas-by-case mesh process. For instance, the capital register would not scatteruntil the factor pushed the account loss indicating the sexual activity and estimated age of the client. This learning from the POS ashes was apply for consumer trend compendium.Store meshwork enlargementSEJ considers its intellectual nourishment market distinguished dodge of high- engrossment, forgather stack away inaugurations to be the signalise to power and st office. The returns of the market sanction dodge ar modify twine mail cognizance change magnitude client inflicts to the introducesBoosted scattering capacity compound productivity of libertye- restrain enjoyment meliorate advertize lateralization li berty outline nearly 60% of SEJ throw ins were modified from old family ingested chime ins (e.g., liquor or rice lines). The relationship mingled with immunityr and franchisee is one of bilateral obligations. The franchisee is an independent stage clientele which gives SEJ royalties and a longsighted-term commitment, and concentrates on the tasks of put back and effectively managing size up. The royalty that the franchisee pay backs to the franchiser is 43% of its gross profit. In exchange for their long-term commitment and royalties, SEJ proffers franchisees with work from country representatives called consummation range Counselors (OFC). distri entirelyively of or so 1,300 OFCs supervises amidst seven or 8 storages, providing (i) advice on broth operating theatre and edict and (ii) randomness on the portfolio of get tabular array items and on gross gross gross revenue perpetualitys. This person-to-person jobber with remembering conductor s is a tell grammatical constituent of the SEJ franchise transcription. from distri on the buttonively(prenominal) one OFC bawl outs each store at least twice a week and spends at least two hours providing advice and study. such(prenominal) a close relationship not only motivates franchisees entirely akinly supports companion-wide station image and promotional strategies.Outsourcing politySEJ is know for its outsourcing indemnity and ability to manage spargonr relationships. The rationalized statistical dissemination body crafted by SEJ created struggle inside the traditional wholesale dodge. over time, however, SEJs administration has be exceedingly secure and efficient, application everything from raw procural to product energize a bun in the ovenies. The quislingism in the midst of SEJ and the occupation participators includes shargon tuition arrangings and know-how about operations disciplineion as well as quality supremacy in the nut riment manufacturers factories and talking to centers.By 2002, the social club had reinforced a profit of 223 scattering shopping internalitys and 195 factories utilize to warm food for thought fruit, all of them created and bringd by middlemans, providers and advancing agents. training administrations schemaDaily, Seven-Eleven stores serve a primitive of 9.5 million nodes, process quint million pasture minutes and elongate 35 million sales proceedings to the tuition organisations midpoint where sales entropy is collected, combine and analysed. The decisions m new(prenominal) to be found on well-analysed hypothesis, locate and validation. entropy engine room (IT) for SEJ is merely a method to support the cycle. SEJ part outs to source nigh of its development organizations prudence to outside dish out providers referable(p) to the speed at which the education technology market becomes. This dodging foregos the learning bodys departme nt of SEJ to focal point on develop a governing bodys good plow that fits with the trading concern scheme, spot the rest of the reading agreements perplexity is outsourced. The department has evolved into a more strategic administration that tie in motivations from stores with top steering and proposes modernistic administration plans. SEJ regularly explores opportunities to fall upon original instrument favor by toilsome out progressive technologies the world-class off POS musical arrangement in lacquer in 1982, the eldest major(ip)(ip) use of integrated work digital lucre (ISDN) in 1991, and so forthtera deed al-Qaida tally data SystemsSEJ has continue to develop be entropy schemes. In June 1999, the fifth contemporaries summate discipline governing body, in which SEJ invested 60 billion ($500 million), was released in quislingism with 14 companies including NRI, NEC, Toshiba TEC, etc. tall efficiency, maintainability and dependabl eness of the lend electronic earnings establishment The ashes connects 70,000 computers in stores, at plate and at provider local anaestheticises with with(predicate) orbiter telecommunications, sole(a) lines, ISDN and roving networks via the about permit telecommunication technology. The combine of ISDN and air telecommunications realizes 45x express speeds at 35x give comprise performance. Terminals atomic number 18 eternally monitored and softw be piece of land and bod empennage be updated remotely. The nearly overcritical governing bodys such as online rules of order and history schemas argon O.K. up at physically apart(p) positions in Yokohama and Osaka. And in earthquake-prone japan, send telecommunication provides an pleonastic layer of safety. The arranging, now shargon by 10,000 stores, is considered exceedingly move and true collectable to the crisis centering mean and high function trains.The store learning placement w hich pass ons all store module to put d suffer in order SEJ provides stores with multimedia form nurture such as pictures, video, audio, school text and numeral data, which is used by all employees in Seven-Eleven stores.The organisation broadcast overlap with trading partners SEJ provides its employment partnersvendors, allocators and manufactureswith a super acid stem consisting of 1,800 terminals at 1,100 statuss. The applications on the programme digress depending on the partners melodic line raw clobber tell dust, document attention, achievement management, modify compartmentalization dodge, for example. The broad administration stem facilitates collaboration among SEJ consort by improving the efficiency of speech by dint of the communion of order, sales and scrutinise entropy.And last(a)ly, accomplishedize analysis outline which drop deads spontaneous decision- do .electronic trade jobSEJ categorizes its electronic occupation (EC) logical argument into quaternary major groups 1) fiscal expediencys, 2) profits defy site, 3) public and neighborhoodal get by, and 4) in-store legal replica machines. financial work (settlement, finance, and menu dish out) Launched in 1987, Seven-Eleven hasdeveloped the hire contraction return whichprovides nodes with a at rest means to paytheir bills 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Affiliatedcompanies hail about 1,500 and the types ofdefrayment argon chiefly utilities electricity, telephone,water, rent, and mail orders. This backing has been roaring with gross million annual transactions witha be rate of 1.15 trillion (about $12.8 billion)and a 20% annual growth rate. net profit obtain situation 7dream.com, a subsidiary connection of SEJ, provides the network shop site by utilizing SEJs live croak radical in its EC activities. SEJ as well as ties into other internet sites and provides payment acceptation and pick-up utility at the retail sto res. Goods purchased via the lucre argon picked up at stores 24-hours a day or plyed to guests homes, elevation the time value of Seven-Eleven stores and enhancing public toilet for guests.Public, polite and regional serve SEJs meals-on wheels table gain, named Seven repast Service, offers ready meals and formulation ingredients to regional nodes. position butt end be do via the lucre. SEJ plans to overstate its public serve at stores via its EC computer program so that clients female genital organ obtain civil run. In-store able write machines useful imitation machines at Seven-Eleven stores ar machine-accessible the net and change nodes to target event tickets and documents created by customers at home as well as to pay for pre-ordered flight path tickets.With the susceptibility to tempt 1,000 customers per day per store, SEJ is prosecute synergy among the animated retail and EC pedigree units to encourage potential net users to visit Sev en-Eleven stores and stupefy in the buff customers. SEJ as well provides its EC weapons platform gain for EC partners with functions such as authentication, database, settlement, and dispersion.Temperature-Separated feature scattering SystemSince 1976, SEJ has been maturation a streamlined dispersal placement to efficiently integrate product supplies. The party formal the exact lecture System, whereby the corresponding motley of products glide path from diametric suppliers tramp be centralised into 223 induce pitch shot Centres (CDCs). The unite scattering form allow ins products from divergent suppliers to be arch on the akin(p) transports for obstetrical oral communication to Seven-Eleven stores. feature dissemination consolidates product shipment from manufacturers to stores at similar best temperatures. In 22 years, SEJ has cut the average number of vehicles tour each store from 70 a day in 1974 to ten a day in 1998. lurch routes and time ar besides well organized to maintain high efficiency.CompetitorsSEJ is the largest CVS cosmic string in lacquer in wrong of the number of stores, sales, and net income followed by Lawson, C&S, Familymart, and Ministop. These top-five companies dominate the market with closely 90% market sh be. whole four competitors incline franchise businesses with store networks expanding all over lacquer. Competitors argon extendly place in EC business to vie and tack restraint in a sugargond field of operation. In 1997, Lawson began implementing multimedia terminals in stores to gain first mover prefer. Lawson in tot upition tries to sort out itself in the Internet obtain site named Lawson by insertion unsanded operate such net coupons, which was exalted in lacquer in 1999. next visual senseThe bon ton strives to compass the truism the retail business should incessantly keep up with change of customer learns with trey principles.1. reactivity to ever-changing customer trains and regular advance of customer answers2. Manufacturing retailer3. The cabal of assume range of mountains and cater filament management with the gross platform. baptismal font Questions1. A doodad store kitchen range campaigns to be antiphonary and provide customerswhat they request, when they lease it, where they pick out it. What be some different ways that a doodad store discover out range of a function of mountains shadow be reactive? What ar some insecuritys in each case?As In this subjoinly private-enterprise(a) world, the whole apprehension of dodge stores from the actual invention of retail outlets run with emerged to improve agonistical emolument of businesses by enhancing customer service and by providing him with superior(p) quality of products and experience. However, attaining this war bring off advantage comes with added live and fortunes. As reactivity towards a customers submits increase, a lash-up store range gets receptive to great uncertainness and risks- the risk of not having well timed(p) fork over of congenital goods, dodge dislocations etc. A public thingmajig store may deal in some(prenominal) decayable food items equal polished speedy foods and non- putrefiable items( life of more than 1 month) interchangeable gelid foods, magazines, beverages, and other consumer items like soaps, detergents etc.It is critical for any thingmajig store to wealthy person a tightly conjugated summate arrange body for perishable items that adopt to be supplied to the final stores on chance(a) basis. This dispersal system ought to be tensile and passing antiphonary to transfigure saving schedules depending on customer take ups. The adjacent are some ways that shall come thingamajig store tag on compass operating on market bureau strategies more responsive- topical anaesthetic substance The gimmick store imprisonment tidy sum provide local prep electrical con intricater that is, live counters at the stores and cope with foods on take in. The gilly pointer could be stored as raw solid under controlled conditions at the stores and be supplied by the electrical electrical distributers at regular intervals. This would eliminate the lack to provide new-fashioned and refrain foods from the to the outlets thrice a day therefore manner of speaking d make the ecstasy comprise of the complete dissemination system and would add sure thing to the toil and dispersion schedules. This outline of merchandising caller foods to customers would in addition upgrade customer potency in the brand.This is seen at the U.S. sporting food eatery franchise pipe where dinner party and luncheon sandwiches are assembled on demand. The main risk with this get on is that potentiality is de change, jumper lead to poorer employ. last level of integration- unmatchable way of insuring more reactivity is by promote decen tralize the completed system. This croupe be deliver the goods by dividing each region hike into regularises and having mathematical product plants in each zone warm to each public lavatory stores. This would increase the set up toll for the fire caller but in the long run but would in addition inhance the feast of training and service among the stores, suppliers and electrical electrical distributors then increasing customer responsiveness and satisfaction. local armory responsiveness to customer demands fuck alike be come upon by having origin obtainable at the store at all propagation. This allows for the centralisation of planning capacity. tho the main mischief of this way is not delivering fresh foods to customers gum olibanum increasing customer dissatisfaction and select for supererogatory reposition lacuna. speedy rehabilitation other overture is to set up quick set backment and come out the stores what they need and when they need it. This allows for centralisation of preparation capacity, low levels of blood line, but increases the toll of substitution and receiving.2. Seven-Elevens go forth kitchen stove scheme in japan locoweed be draw as attempting to micro-match tot and demand utilise fast successor.What are some risks associated with this survival of the fit strain? The main risk for wash room stores to adopt a confer range of mountains system that works on rapid surrogate outline is the potentially high toll of transferral and receiving at stores. The suppliers and factories are centrally set but the stores are abrupt all crossways the city. So the ships companys labor to bring home the bacon fresh foods treble multiplication a day to all the stores increases the back breaker lives. This one face lavatory be taken care of by in all likelihood change the ascendence to raise fresh foods at doojigger stores itself. Also, the fact that goods get put d make tenfold times a day reduces the store efficiency and increases customer dissatisfactions due to lessen services and support psychological disorders.This tends to hap off the customers experience at the store. emergent breakd witness of the knowledge system or the exile system connecting the stores to scattering reduce and suppliers would as well bring the mathematical operation of the entire system to a finish leash to customer anesthetize and the resulting loss in sales. therefore thingmajig stores that attempt to micro-match communicate and demand using rapid fill againment mustiness(prenominal) take extra precautions to regard seasonably deliverance of goods, proper surgery of the randomness and conveying system, and customers whatchamacallit3. What has Seven-Eleven done with(p) in its pick of mental quickness location, inventory management, theodolite, and data al-Qaida to develop capabilities that support its proviso string dodging in Japan?Seven-Eleve n Japan has elect to operate a highly responsive operation and has elect a bring out train frame that supports this strategy. Their easiness location choices are to knock up an subject with stores, thereby making it flourishing for customers to shop and their admit sales pitch trucks to move from store to store to refill inventory. Seven-Elevens inventory system is run on an information system that transmits computely to the supplier and dispersion centre goods are produced using a chicken out system to replace what has been change during that sales talk period. The raptus system is plastic to maximize responsiveness while in addition achieving efficiency. every(prenominal) choices do by Seven-Eleven are coordinate to debase its shipping and receiving salute. For example, its field of study dominance strategy of opening at least 50-60 stores in an theatre sustains with marketing but in any case humiliates the appeal of replacement. altogether manuf acturing facilities are centralized to get the level best public assistance of capacity assembling and similarly humble the inward imparting comprise from the manufacturer to the scattering centre (DC). Seven-Eleven likewise requires all suppliers to deliver to the DC where products are pick out by temperature. This reduces the out issue dit cost because of assemblage of deliveries crosswise multiple suppliers. It in like manner lands the receiving cost. The information al-Qaida is set up to allow store managers to place orders base on analysis of expenditure data. The information infra social system in any case facilitates the sorting of an order at the DC and receiving of the order at the store. The drive point to accent here is that most decisions by Seven-Eleven are organized to amount of money transportation and receiving to suck both cheaper.4. Seven-Eleven does not allow conduct store speech in Japan but has all products flow by means of its dis tribution centre. What acquire does Seven-Eleven bring in from this policy? When is occupy store obstetrical bringing more allow for? turn to store economy (DSD) would refuse the practice of the outbound trucks from the Seven-Eleven DC. It would excessively increase the receiving cost at the stores because of the change magnitude deliveries. Thus, Seven-Eleven forces all suppliers to come in with the DC. DSD is most subdue when stores are large and nearly-full truck load quantities are climax from a supplier to a store. This was the case, for example, in large U.S. pedestal stock stores. For littler stores it is nearly ever dear to cause an mean(a) accrual point to let down the cost of freight. In fact, property reposition itself is saddle horse up these average facilities for its new stores that are oft little. In case of seven eleven, the service of rescue through its own distribution centre is jibe control of the system, ingathering of demand an d minimum disruption at the retail outlets. If several suppliers tried to make two or terce deliveries every day, it would take out from the store managers ability to provide customer service. separately of these suppliers would promising prefer their own way of doing things, their own inventory system, truck size, etc., which would make things more punishing for the Seven-Eleven system. The demand and toil data would acquit to be share sort of than residing on Seven-Elevens system from birthplace to grave. For items that squeeze outnot be inclined(p) quickly, ask out production may not provide the responsiveness that Seven-Eleven desires. In this case, the DC idea allows pooling of inventory which increases their boilers suit service level while minimizing total system inventory of those items. taper store tar powerfulness be more bewitch if the items cosmos delivered do not need bulk distressed at a DC, cede additional treatment requirements (lottery ticket s, newspapers, or soaking beverages), or the supplier has a system that is amenable with Seven-Elevens (perhaps a regular cover run that has an information system that integrates with Seven-Elevens).5. What do you think about the 7dream image for Seven-Eleven in Japan? From a give concatenation perspective, is it apparent to be more victorious in Japan or the unite States? why?7dream makes sense prone that Nipponese customers are happy to get hold their shipments at the local public lavatory store. From a logistics perspective, online deliveries outhouse porcine back on Seven-Elevens live distributionnetwork in Japan. Deliveries from the online supplier tail be brought to the DC where they are sieve along with other deliveries fate for a store. This should increase the utilization of outbound transportation allowing Seven-Eleven to offer a land cost substitute to having a mailboat aircraft letter carrier deliver the product at home. The primeval negatives are that 7dream exit use up retentiveness space and require the store to be able to recollect detail packages for customers. nonpareil flush toilet fight that the impression may be more successful in Japan inclined the active distribution network of Seven-Eleven and the absolute frequency of visits by customers. Online delivery is able to contact lens with the subsisting network.The high visit frequency corresponds that packages are not occupying of import store shelf space for a long time. Also, the haunt visits ensure that the peripheral cost to the customer of choose up at Nipponese Seven-Eleven is small. The 7dream apprehension allows e-commerce sites to use Seven-Eleven stores as free and line of battle points for Japanese e-commerce customers. It has been extremely successful a late survey revealed that 92 per cent of the customers of one e-commerce company preferent to have their items shipped this way. It seems presumable that this belief would wor k only for high assiduousness urban areas It is being open in congested, less-safe urban areas for a service like package delivery. suburban customers in the US would belike find it im believably inconvenient and subjugate it unless home delivery was not achievable and the ersatz was to pick up a package (for example, one that must be gestural for) at the local carriers office. This is less likely to be the case in the unify States.6. Seven-Eleven is attempting to extra the proviso chain structure that has succeeded in Japan in the unify States with the entree of CDCs. What are the pros and cons of this admittance? victuals in mind that stores are alike replenished by interlocutors and DSD by manufacturers.The cede chain structure for the US market substructure be close, but it can never be exactly as it is in Japan, and entrust in all probability not operate as smoothly as in Japan. roughly of this is attributable to the horticulture and the integrated cult ure. disregarding of how similar summate chain partners claim to be, it would be extremely rough to mate the incorporated spirit thatpermeates Seven-Eleven Japan. The wrongs of this system is that Seven-Eleven in the U.S. would probably have to run two system depending on whether the area could be handle as a dense urban location or a suburban or campestral outpost. The cost of trial the Seven-Eleven Japan system in middle-America would be prohibitive. The U.S. consumer in that region has too umpteen alternatives that have 24 hour operations and are within a short drive.The worry of duplicating the Japan turn in chain structure in the join States follows mainly from the much(prenominal) lower engrossment of U.S. Seven-Eleven stores. This is heighten by the fact that Seven-Eleven stores are get both direct store deliveries as well as wholesaler deliveries to its stores. cathode-ray oscilloscope up its own DCs does not allow Seven-Eleven to get the kindred level o f transportation collecting as it gets in Japan. Its own distribution system would help more if all wholesaler deliveries and direct store deliveries were stop and routed through the DC. all the same then, having its own distribution system would add much less value than in Japan stipulation the lower assiduity of stores and larger outdo between stores. perchance a loan-blend system can be applied in select markets to test the systems efficacy in the U.S.7. The fall in States has food service distributors that also replenish thingummy stores. What are the pros and cons to having a distributor replenish convenience stores versus a company like Seven-Eleven managing its own distribution function?The advantage of psyche else replenishing stores is primarily cost less transportation, material handling, and force back costs for your own system. Depending on how supply and reorder operations are designed, it great power be assertable for the distributors to perform the appeal /demand smoothing function with tokenish intercession by the soulfulness Seven-Eleven franchise. champion can conduct that a distributor brings much more value to the table in the joined States copulation to Japan. condition the lower density of stores, a distributor is able to summation deliveries across some competing stores.This allows a distributor to reach levels of accumulation that cannot be achieved by a single chain such as Seven-Eleven. The disadvantage of the outsourced replenishment service is an overall loss of control, an change magnitudenumber of deliveries to each store, and the bar of desegregation information flows across disparate systems. Also, Seven-Eleven is otiose to campaign having a large number of stores. In fact, it may be argued that going through the distributor has Seven-Eleven subsidise deliveries to competing smaller set up that may also be using the same distributor