Collision Course †NEOs Essay Example for Free

Collision Course NEOs EssayWhen looking at the Earth in the Solar System, there ar many fascinating objects, and also many dangerous ones. NEOs, or Near Earth Objects ar constantly being studied to determine the actual initiative of collision with the Earth. Most NEOs consist of meteors, meteorites, comets and asteroids.Though most of the objects are too small to cause any sort of substantial damage, there are a few that are capable of causing the next major extinction. In order for an object to be considered a NEO, it must be within 1. 3 AUs (or astronomical units) from the Sun. 1.3 AU is the same as about 93 million miles. The NEOs are objects that collect been bumped by the gravity of other planets which let them get close-fitting to the Earths orbit. unmatchable of the major groups of NEOs are meteoroids. The term meteor is actually used to describe the streak of visible light after its trip through the Earths orbit. cardinal of the most famous craters, which is like a giant scar caused by a NEO happen uponting the Earth, is in Arizona. Meteor Crater, or Barringer Meteorite Crater as it is also known as, is a jarring reminder of what kind of damage a NEO can do upon impact. Most meteors are small large that once they are pulled in by the Earths orbit and hit the atmosphere, they burn up and disintegrate before they ever get the chance to actually hit the Earths surface. Another group of NEOs are asteroids. One of the largest asteroids that astronomers keep their eyes on is Apophis. This giant is due to hit the Earth in 2036. The size of Apophis is estimated to be a bit larger then the Rose Bowl, and if it were to hit the Earth would cause global damage. If it hits the ocean, the damage occurring from the huge tsunamis by themselves would be catastrophic. Another class of objects that are visible to the naked eye are comets. When speaking of them as NEOs, then they are considered to be old comet nuclei whose perihelia are less then 1.3 AU from the Sun. One comet in particular that has been known through history is Halleys Comet. Also, the trail of cosmic dust, or tail of the comet can also be passed through by the Earth. In conclusion, NASA is taking steps to try and diminish the risk of being hit by a NEO by continually watching and cataloging the orbits and behaviors of NEOs. What remedies that have been looked at so far to try and deal with the risk of being hit is to explode nuclear weapons near the object to try and change its course. Other considerations that have been looked at is sending high-speed ballistic missiles towards the object to make an impact, or to send a hovering spacecraft to pull the object into a different orbit, thereby allowing it to miss the Earth altogether.The future for watching NEOs is strongly backed now more then ever before. Washington has allowed a $4 million dollar mark budget for listing potential and real threats to the Earth, and sent a new report to congress in March 2007. Consideri ng the probability that the Earth will be hit again, as it has been hit in the past requires that the scientific community take heed of the risk, and not only be able to prepare the sphere for such a catastrophe, but be able to prevent it as well.Referenceshttp//www.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/neo/index.cfmhttp//www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/home/index.htmlhttp//newton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/neodys/neoibo?info0faqnea

Philosophies of Religion Essay Example for Free

Philosophies of Religion EssayThis Essay portrays the basic philosophies of devotion particularly Christianity. This pull up stakes be helpful for Christians to refresh or enhance their opinion or take the ch onlyenge in establishing their beliefs. Among the important and basic Christian philosophies to be discussed include the true religion, real and ill-advised churches, intellectuals and intellect, heaven and heal, life after death, love and forgiveness, immaculate matrimony, miracles, Trinity, the challenging questions about the Da Vinci Code, Christians and Muslims, perfect marriage, etc.The discussions presented in this article argon focused on indepth reflections of my previous work entit guide, Echoes of Heaven idols turn in is Better than Life Itself. This further simplify the understanding of mysterious things concerning Christian conviction and the challenges that shaken or strengthen the beliefs of a Christian. Introduction M any batch (Christians and n on-Christians) ar in a great religious confusion with tough questions about faith, life, death and many other(a) challenging concerns that will most likely affect the faith or belief of the people.Most are searching for answers through reading literatures, the holy sacred scripture or the Koran, discussions with peers, religious institutions, and even through prayers. This essay will attempt to offer explanations of the many questions that challenge the beliefs of Christians and non-Christians. Some inputs of this essay are generated from my article, Echoes of Heaven paragons Love is Better than Life Itself that aim to enhance mans relation with theology. What is Soul? Soul is the energy that beau ideal flummoxs at bottom a human bear ons so it would receive life.It is in the form of spirit which is invisible to human eyes. It does non reside in one part of the dead system moreover keeps on moving throughout the blood. It can leave the body, go to another place or world , and come back into it as long as it remains connected. It happens so fast because it can move at the speed of light. It has the dexterity to travel into the future and tell how the future will be, that is a vision. Soul gives light and lives in the body and also prevents the body from decaying, and once the soul is un aware or leaves the body, the body has no life, and thitherfore it starts decaying.The soul is the bodys life big(a) spiritual thing which is separate and distinct from the body. They are inseparable in any way when the body is conscious, but the soul could be away from the body when the latter is unconscious. How do minds and soul communicate? Soul has no language barriers. There is only one language understood by all souls, or perhaps the soul has the ability to understand all languages. It has unlimited causality and the ability to perform anything. When God created man, He granted this power and authority where the soul operates in human flesh in which the lat ter is ruled by a human mind.Human minds are limited in terms of power, their ability to perform, language, and mobility, among other things. Minds desire is for material or physical things while the soul desires for the things that are spiritual. The soul has the ability to see beyond what the crude eye cannot see and has the ability to gather information from different places in an instant. It is stated that even the absence of language, the soul still communicate with mind in harmony. Soul is therefore, considered as master over mind.A gap is identified between the human level and the spiritual level where either the spirit of God resides or the spirit of the Devil. The soul appropriates information to the mind. The spirit of God empowers the soul to act at its fullness, but the evil spirit empowers the mind or the flesh. The mind has the ability to process and store information or idea communicated from the soul which can be destructive or creative, depending on its source. Wh at is a true religion? A true religion is the one that follow Gods guidance by building a good relationship with God.God is concerned in having a good relationship with people this is the true religion, knowing what God wants and knowing that we are doing what pleases Him. Like judicious, the ISLAM HERALD (2003) stated that a true religion is teaching true concepts like the existence of God, that He is powerful and loving, He is aware of us and wishes to help us, and that certain things are required of us in return. It is therefore imperative that e actuallyone should think that religion is just a vehicle to let people know that there is God and that He wants all the people to follow what He wants.Hence, the issue on true religion should not be argued. People who argue and claim that their religion is the true religion are those who did not follow what God wants them to do, hence, they are fools influenced by the thoughts of the devil. What is death, and how do people feel when dyin g? Death is the state when the soul has completely left the body and has no connection, or the soul is still in the body but unconscious. When a person meets an accident, the flesh may completely fail to function but the soul is fully conscious, preoccupied with many things, without hold offing in meeting death.In this situation, the death of accident victim is declared but remains fully conscious within the body in which souls are odouring for mercy, and they can talk. However, after some days, the soul gives up and became unconscious because they can no longer earn strength. What happens when one dies? When some people die, their souls remain unconscious within their bodies others get out of their body and begin roaming around while the holy ones go to paradise, led by angels.The death of the holy ones will open the gate to a bright world where the angels are waiting to take them home (paradise), but those who remain in the grave are surrounded by darkness they are not warm or cold. The latters case will be determined during the Day of Judgment. The rebellious ones still go on roaming the world and their souls are fully dedicated to the Devil. Are heaven and hell real? The beatified Bible tells everyone that there is heaven and hell. This contention can be read in some passages of the Bible, and among them are the book of Revelation and the gospel of Mathew which can be read below.Heaven Revelation 211-4 reads Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the number one heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea. Then I, privy, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. loony bin Jesus used different images to describe hell.He used the images of torment (Matthew 2546), a place of weeping and gnashing of teeth (M atthew 812), a place of outer darkness (Matthew 812), and a place of fire (Matthew 312). Revelation 218 describes it as the lake which burns with fire and brimstone To licence that hell is a place of continual and undying torment, Revelation 1411 states that the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever and they have no dwell day or night, who worships the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name. This is the biblical teaching on hell. Those who try to dilute it are only hurting people hell is real, and everyone who does not submit to the gospel of Christ will go there. However, Rev. Douglas Taylor of the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Binghamton, argue that Hell, like Heaven, is essentially a state of mind although the very opposite state of mind to heaven. If hell is within us, it will be seen outside of us as a place (a hideous place), reflecting the hideousness of the evil within. Is there life after death? Yes, there is life after death.T his is supported by the Bibles passage particularly in John 1125-26 where God said There is only one way through faith and trust in Gods Son, Jesus Christ. Jesus said, I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die like everyone else, will live once again. They are given eternal life for believing in me and will never perish. Furthermore, this can also be read in the book of Mathew 2546 which states that Those who have been made righteous will go into eternal life in heaven, but unbelievers will be sent to eternal punishment or hell.Who is right, Christians or Muslims? Christians and Muslims believe in the same God, and their faith is based on the Old Testament. These believers are both believe in the Day of Judgment and the coming of Jesus Christ for the second time. Many are amazed that the Koran talked more about Mary, the mother of Jesus, in regards to the birth of Christ than the Bible itself. Both groups of believers believe in the living G od, the Most tall King, and the God of the universe. At that high level, both groups have no difference.Those who called by His name are given the power and authority to rule and judge the world. God was just using different messengers for the Christians and the Muslims Christ Jesus for the Christians, and Mohammad for the Muslims. But, they the same believed the old testament of the Holy Bible. In the eyes of God, the righteous are those who believe that there is God obey His commands, and those who recognize that He is the most powerful and merciful God. What is a perfect marriage? A perfect marriage is a marriage that put God in the center.A perfect marriage is bound with open communication, faith and trust with each other. In Ephesians 523-33 of the Holy Bible, God describes that perfect marriage is based on love. He commands the husband to love his wife more than he loves himself, and to nourish and cherish her. A man should provide for his wifes extremitys and consider her a precious possession. The most important part of a good marriage is LOVE, not just a physical attraction, but true love and concern for each other before God. Marriages that last are built on love (Ecclesiastes 99).The wise man Solomon said that enjoying lifes blessings with a loving companion is a great reward. Loves endurance knows no limits, its trust no end, its hope no fading it can outlast anything. If, we will but follow Gods pattern for the marriage relationship, we can find the happiness that God intend when He ordained it. The pleasure and happiness are there when the husband and the wife have the proper love for each other and for God. These explanations about perfect marriage are anchored on LOVE.What is the secret behind miracles? The secret behind miracles is faith. Many scriptures in the Holy Bible (in the New Testament) tell how Jesus shown that faith makes miracles. However, in some cases, miracles are used by the devil to mislead the people of God and forget the tr ue miracle from God which is the miracle of forgiveness of sins. Do all miracles come from God? Not all miracles come from God. Dan Corner of Evangelical Outreach reveals that miracles come from two sources that is God and devil.The book of Exodus that some of Gods miracles were duplicated by Satans power channeled through the Egyptian magicians a wooden staff became a snake (710, 11) water was changed into blood (720-22) and frogs came out of the water and covered the land (86, 7) Demons can and do perform miraculous signs (Rev. 1614, p. 142). In the Holy Bible (New Testament) Jesus Christ made many miracles of healing the sick people, giving life again to the declared dead person, calming storms, etc. All the miracles performed by Jesus came from God. Are all churches real? Not all churches are real.Elephant shared in his article that the real churches are those where the worshippers are singing with the same voice, moving in the same direction, without confusion, and seek God fo r salvation. Real churches are those with true worshippers. dependable worshippers of God are poor in hearts seeking God and left everything behind just to follow God with one purpose, salvation. Is there any untrue church or prophet? There are so many false churches and prophets even during the time of Jesus Christ. False church is look like a market place where there are lots of confusions people are seeking God for material things not salvation.Yes, there were false prophets as supported by Ezekiel 13, even God warn the people against false prophets and said to Ezekiel These foolish prophets are doomed They provide their own ambition and invent their own visions. Christians of today, your prophets are as useless as foxes living among the ruins of the city. They do not guard the places where the walls have crumbled, nor do they build the walls, and so the churches cannot be defended when war comes on the day of the Lord. Their visions are false, and their predictions are lies.T hey claim that they are speaking my message, but I have not sent them. Yet they expect their words to come true I tell them Those visions you see are false, and the predictions you make are lies. You say that they are my words, but I have not spoken to you. Jeremiah was told by God to Tell my people not to listen to what those false prophets say they are filling you with false hopes. They tell you what they have imagined and not what I have said. To the people who refuse to listen to what I have said, they keep saying that all will go well with them.And they tell everyone who is headstrong that disaster will never touch him. Is man a complicated zoology? Why and why not? Man is a complicated creature because God has provided them everything, the life, the trees that produces foods they need. In Genesis 215-16, God even give man a companion in the presence of Eve. With a condition that he should not eat the fruit of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and bad because the punishment of death will be accorded to him by God. Mans knottiness started when he disobey God.The complication continue when God give different languages to human beings and scattered them all over the world. It is hard to understand man because something else that God had no intention to create was created after eating the fruit of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and what is bad. Man became a complicated creature and that is why we suffer, because we need to prove to God that we can be faithful and trusted once more. Our first parent chose to follow or listen to a stranger, the devil. He ignored the instruction of God, despite or everything provided to him by God.

Us History In Film Essay Example for Free

Us History In Film EssayAn engineer called William Kennedy invented a form of celluloid strip containing a sequence of pic. It was a instruction of projecting moving images. At this point a remarkable discoery had been made but where still potentials to be utilized from the little discoery. This was when doubting Thomas Edison made a kinetograph which is regarded as the first moving picture camera. And then a cabinet with consistent loop of a celluloid dissipate was prat up with an incandescent lamp and seen through and through a magnifying lens. All this improvement left one with that there was still potentials that could be utilized.The spectator was close to an eye piece. The kinetoscape palours was back up with fifty foot film snippets photographed by Dickson, in Edisons Black Maria studio. These continuous sequences recorded events and entertainment acts equivalent medicinal drug, acrobat, and some fighting sports demonstrating. And shortly enough the kinetescope pa rlors became wide known in European other part. Beca substance abuse Edison felt there was still room for improvement he n incessantly attempted to use these instruments on the other side of the Atlautie since he depended on previous experiments and inventions.Some parts of Europe. Thus propelled imitations such as the camera made by British electrician. At around that time Auguste and Luis Lomiere invented the cinematograph which was a portable, three-in-one device camera, printer, and projector. At about that time father Antoine Lumiere began exhibitions of projected films before the paying prevalent, started a generic colloquy of a way to projection. They then became Europe producers. At a point Edison disproved the projection but he later joined with the vitascape in less than sextette mouths.The very first public motion-pictures film pre displaceation in Europe. That belongs to Max and EFmil skladanow huckster of Berlun, who projected with an apparatus Bioscop, a flicker fr ee duplex construction. The first public screening of film was made possible by Jean Aine a French photographer. On February, he presented his cinematograph to a group of twenty show ware line men in impertinent York City. This was how film production began. The movies that time were viewed via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in voudexille programs.At that time films where a minute long and would usually presented a single scene that was made by an experience of everyday life, a sporting or public event. At that time there was no regard for cinematic technique or skillful displays, editing was non done. But beginning of realistically moving photographs was steady-going enough and accepted by the motion picture effort in countries around the world. There was a problem at this time to merge the image with simultaneous sound, but there wasnt realistic way was invented.But by 1920s after several decades, movies were less mute, but then it was suppor t by live musicians with sound effects, and with dialogue and narration made and presented with inter-titles. The accepted length of a film remained one reel, it could go for about ten to fifteen, minutes, through the first decade of the century, partly based on producers assumptions or speculations about the attention spans their still working audience. In 1911 countries other than Australia began to pack feature films.At this time 16 full length feature films had been made in Australia. Europe created series of reel period extravaganzas that were longer with worldwide box office success like Queen Elizabeth (France, 1912) Qoo vadis the feature film began to replace the short as the main cinema. Leading this trend in the States was director D. W. Grittith with his historical epics. The birth of a national (1915) and intolerance (1916). The former film was also known as the first to propel widespread racial contr everywheresy. The cinemas of Italy and France where the most globall y commonplace.But the United States was already benefiting drastically when world war (1914-1918) caused a disruption and destructive interruption in the Europe film industries. The American industry also known as Holy wood was become globally popular with its geographic base in California, and from that position it began to export its products globally basically virtually all countries of the world and as a result of that if began to control the market in more of them. It became very influential as a result of that and it began to dominate the market as it spanned it long popularity. According to David (1981) pg26By 1920s the U.S attained a period of the greatest ever output, making an average of 800 feature film annually or 82% of the global total. The comedies of Charlie Chaplin, the Swash buckling adventures of Douglas fair banks. The American visual standard that would become classical music continuity editing was developed and exported to other countries of the world. Thi s development was made along side with the drastic growth and improvement of the studio system and its greatest advancement method which was made by American film for several decades to come as far as models for other movies industry.The studios where made efficient with control over all stages of the product made a new growing level of lavish production and some technical improvements. At this time the commercial regimentation and tautness on glamorous absence daunted brave and expectation beyond the horizon to a certain level. The control of Holly wood entertainment was not sloshed as it would be and alternatives were still globally seen and reckoned with. By 1915, there was ban termination on imports in France the nascent Hollywood fare propelled the make up of cinematic avant garde.Some film makers started making experiments with optical and pictorial efforts as well as rhythmic editing. The move became known as French impressionist cinema. As time went by, Germany became Ame ricans strongest competitorAllen (1896) pg42. Its unique contribution was the dark, hallucinatory worlds German Expressionism, which increased its power of an unrealistic presentation to put those within states of mind as seen on screen, as well as influenced the horror genre that is gradually coming up. The cinema that was newly born in the Soviet was the most innovative. The make of editing, moved.Forward, going beyond its previous role in improving the strong perfections was made by Eisenstein. The Technique that was regarded as dialectical montage, which time-tested to make non-linear, often violently dashing images express ideas and propel emotional and intellectual reactions in the viewer. An investigation was made by the put forward up- American Activities committee in the early 1950s, protested by the Hollywood ten before the committee, the hearing ended up in the blacklisting of many actors, directors, writers, with change sky and Dalton Trumbo especially the United King dom.The cold war period zeitgeist transformed into near-paranla manifested in themes such as invading armies of evil aliens. During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the continuous and drastic popularity of the knowledge meant that some move theatres would bankrupt and close. In 1950. The bettrist avante-gardists caused riots at the cannes film festival, when the Isidore 1800s Treatise on slime and timelessness as screened after their criticism of Charlie Chaplin and split with the movement, the ultraletrists continued to disrupt when they revealed their new hyper graphical technique.Distressed by the ever increasing number of closed theatres, studios, and companies would decidedly find new ways to bring audience back. These made attempts to life rally expand with new screen formats. As the cinemascope, which has supposed to remain a 20th century fox separated until 1967, was publicized with 19535. The Robe Vista vision, Cin erama, made a bigger is better approach to marketing movies to a go us audience. This caused a revival of epic films to take advantage of the new big screen formats.Fanatics also came up to attract in audience. The crave for three-D films was sustained for two years, 1952-1954, was helped sell House of wax and creature from the Black lagoon. Producer William Castle would toot films featuring emergeo percepto, the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain the popular marketing tools for castle and others throughout the 1960s. Hollywood has reflected a post WW2 tendency toward asking the establishment and societal norms questions to films like blackboard jungle (1955).On the waterfront (1984), paddy Chayetsks Marty and Reginald Roses 12 Angry man (1957) Disneys sleeping Beauty was released on January 29, 1959 by the Walt Disney company after nearly a decade in production. video started competing with films projected in theatre, but surprisingly it promoted more movies going r ather than curtailing it. By 1960 studios in Hollywood began to dwindle and that was as a result of many films that were being made on particular locations in other countries. While using studio facilities in other countries. Example of facilities used where pinewood in Eng solid ground and Cinecitta in Rome.At this time Hollywood movies attracted family audience and it was made old-fashioned. Because at that time old fashioned films produced the biggest success. There were productions like Mary Poppins (1964) my four ladies (1964) and the sound of music (1965) made the biggest money of the decade. And also there was a drastic growth in independent production companies and producers and this increase also added to the decrease of traditional Hollywood studio production. There was an improvement with regards to awareness of foreign language cinema at that period.By the late 1950s and 1960s the French wave of directors like Francois Triifact and Jean-Huc Godard produced films like le s quatre cents coups and joleset Jim which broke the laid down rules on Hollywood cinemas old structure even audience were becoming cognizance of Italian films like Federice Fellinis la Doke vita and the stark dramas of Swedens Ingmar Bergman. While in Britain Free cinema of Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson and others lead to group of realistic and inventive dramas including Saturday night and Sunday morning, As kind of loving and this sporting life.The new Hollywood and post classical cinema are terms used to describe the era following the reduction of the studio system by 1950 and 1960s and the end of the production code. By the 1970s, film makers drastically depicted explicit sexual content and showed violent crashing(a) images of horrible deaths. The post-classical cinema was used as a term to describe the changing ways of story telling of the New Hollywood producers. The new way of drama was made up of played upon audience expectations. In the 1770s, some American film makers sprung as Francis ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg George Locas and Brain de Palma.This coincided with the increasing fame of the auteur theory in film and media that posited those film directors films express their personal perspective and innovative insights. The improvement of the auteur style of film production helped to deliver to directors far reaching influence over their critical and commercial successes, like Copplas the God father films, Spielbergs laws and close encounters of the third kind and Goerge Locas star wars. It however caused some failures, aboard with peter Bogdnovich.At long last love and Michaels Ciounos hugely expensive western epic Heavens gate, which helped to bring about the decease of its backs, united Artists. In early 1990s, witnessed the improvement of a commercially successful independent cinema in the united states, cinema was taken over by special-effects films like the Terminator 2 Judgment Day (1991) and Titanic (1997). Independent films such as Steven Beglis sex, lies, and videotape (1989) and Quentin Tarantinos Reservior Dogs (1992) had remarkable commercial prosperity two at the cinema and on home video.Studios ate mainstream at that time started finance and produce non-mainstream fare. A very successful Independents of 1990s Minamax films was purchased by Disney Atumated films at that time also sprung up to fame along with Disneys Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and the Lion king. Documentary film also rose up to fame with the success of films such as March of the penguins and Michael Mores Bocoline for columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11.Some thing remarkable happened even as 15o inexpensive DV cameras were distributed across Irag, Turning characterless people into corporative films makers threatres at home became sophisticated as some of the movies was made on DVDs designed to be shown on them. A Biography company sent D. W Griffith 1910 the west coast with his acting troop consisting of actors Blanche sweet, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickforch Lionel Barry more and others. They began filming on an empty lot near Georgia Street in down town Los Angels. The company decided to explore new places and traveled miles to a little village and enjoyed the movie company filming there.This place was called Hollywood? Griffith then filmed the first ever movie ever shot in Hollywood called in old California a Biography melodrama which was about Latino-Mexican occupied California in the 1800s. The movie company stayed there for some time and made a number of films before going back to New York. When it heard about the nice place, in 1913 many movie-makers headed west the first feature made in Hollywood, in 1914, was called the squaw man. All the films made in Los Angeles from 1908 to 1913 were short subjects. With this film, the Hollywood movie industry was born.Through the First World War and it became the movie capital of the world it became a popular figure. By January 22 1947 the first commercial television station w est of the Mississippi River began functioning in Hollywood. On December of the same year, the first Hollywood movies production was made for TV, the prosecutor. And by the 1950s, music recording studios started moving to Hollywood even as there opened offices there. Most of the movie Industry remained in Hollywood and also the districts outward appearance changed remarkably.Popular recording companies building on vine street called Capitol north of Hollywood Boolevard was built in 1956. This recording studio was not opened to the public but its distinctive design looks like a stock of 7-inch vinyi records. By 1958 the Hollywood walk of fame was created and the first star was placed in 1960 as a tribute to artists working in the entertainment industry. By 1985 the Hollywood Boolevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National memorialize of Historic places protecting valuable buildings and ensuring that the significance of Hollywood past would alway s be a part of its future.In June 1999, the Hollywood extension of the Los Angeles county metro educate Red line subway was openly running from downtown Los Angeles to the valley, with stops along Hollywood Boolevard at western Avenue Vine Street and high land Avenue. Even as Motion picture production still takes place in Hollywood district mayor studios are located in the Los Angeles character paramount studios is the only studio that is located within, Hollywood some studios in the district include what was mentioned before.While Hollywood and its opposite neighborhood of Los Feliz served as the initial located of homes of the early television stations in Los Angeles market most of them have now relocated to other places within the same metropolitan area. By 2002 some Hollywood citizens started campaigning for the district to take over from Los Angele and become as it has been earlier, in its own incorporated municipalityWoolworths(1990) pg56. People supporting the secession arg ued that the inevitably of their community were being neglected by leaders of Los Angeles.In June the same year the Los Angeles county board of supervisors placed secession referendums for both Hollywood and the valley on the ballots for a citywide election. In conclusion, this were the process that the American film also known as Hollywood passed through before becoming what it is at present and it really amazing and remarkable that the entertainment industry in American has contributed over 60% of the whole of American revenue which has really affected their deliverance positively.And the industry is till growing drastic rate.REFERENCESDavid, A, American history in perspective teckno publishing house, 1981 Peter, S. O. film history. History publish Hoolporths house, London. 1994 Allan. M. S, The entertainment industry in America. Aquatic Pennsville. 1986 William O. The making of a kinetoscope Commendation and publications. Florida. 1991 Woolworths S. O. Entertainment history of the world. Readers house, Mexico. 990 Anothoney Peter, The wild Hollywood. Peuter House, publishing New York 1994Serenago. M, The film industry. Myles publishing house, UK. Glory, M. Hollywood cinema. History records. Decks ville. Washington Sunday. O. O. The great entertainment move. Mensisiville house. Australia. 1993 Grace- S. O. historic account of the entertainment industry. Peterson house. 1979. Brooks ville. Wilson. D. Rebuilding Hollywood. Washington house 1979 Linda. O. The new Hollywood. New Jersey. 1989. Steven P. how movies are made. Edinburgh 1982 Aba. S. O. Films and modernization. California publishing house 1990

What Is A Topographic Map English Language Essay

What Is A Topographic Map English Language EssayA topographical role is a defend that fates topography and features effectuate on the earths surface. Like any function it applys symbols to represent these features. Lets smelling at a section of a topographic present screening the atomic number 18a nearly Spruce Knob in West Virginia. Spruce Knob is the gameyest guide on in West Virginia.This section of a topographic procedure illustrates many of the roughhewn symbols apply on topographic maps. The map is repeated on a lower floor with many of these symbols labeled.Some of the much rough-cut and important topographic map symbols have been geted break by by the purple arrows. More details argon given in the text below.MAP SYMBOLSFirst lets recognize that map symbols argon color coded. Symbols in green indicate vegetation, symbols in blue represent water, brown is utilize for topographic symbols, man do features be shown in murky or red. Lets feeling at the symbols labeled in the map supraContour LinesContour parentages are margins that indicate line of longitude. These are the lines that show the topography on the map. They are discussed in more detail in the next section. Contour lines are shown in brown. Two types of bod lines are shown. Regular material body lines are the thinner brown lines, top executive anatomy lines are the mysteriouser brown lines. The numbers written in brown along the material body lines indicate elevated railroad of the line. For this map crest is in feet preceding(prenominal) ocean direct.Forests and ClearingsForested areas are represented by areas shaded green for Spruce Knob this means most of the area. Areas that are non forested are odd unshaded (white). Note that non all(prenominal) topographic maps show forests. Also n one(a) that this information is non al right smarts up to date or accurate. I have struggled to walk across densely wooded areas in places that have been mapped a s clearings.StreamsStreams and other water features are shown in blue.Roads and TrailsMan made features are shown in black or red. Trails are represented as thin single dashed lines. Roads are represented as duplicate lines or thicker red lines. A series of symbols are utilise roads to indicate road quality from replicate dashed lines for dirt roads to thick red lines for major highways. In the case of the Spruce Knob area we have deuce types of road, the thin double black lines and the thin dashed double lines.BuildingsLike other man made features buildings are shown in black. Solid squares ordinarily indicate buildings that would be inhabited by people (i.e. a house), withdraw shapes usually indicate uninhabited buildings (for example, a barn) (Note this may not hold for maps in the future because it is not possible to reconcile what a building is used for from the aerial photos used to stool the maps). Other man made features shown in black on our example include the looko ut tower on at the summit of Spruce Knob and the radio tower. Though not chancen on our map, larger buildings, like factories, are shown by larger shapes that outline shape of the building, and cities with most spaced houses are shaded pink instead of showing individual houses.BoundariesEven though these are not physical features you skunk see on the establish, boundaries are shown on topographic maps by black or red lines. Boundaries are usually represented by broken lines (combinations of dots and dashes of different sizes). Different patterns are used for different types of boundaries (i.e., state, county, city, etc). On our example the boundary that is shown marks the edge of a National Forest.Bench MarksBench marks indicate places where the elevation has in true(a)ity been surveyed. These locations are indicated on the map by a triangle if a marker has been placed in the ground, or an x if not marker was odd behind. Near either symbol are the letters BM and a number whic h represents the elevation of that particular location. Bench marks are shown in black on topographic maps.CONTOUR LINESContour lines are lines drawn on a map connecting testifys of equal elevation. If you walk along a configuration line you neither gain nor lose elevation.Picture walking along a beach exactly where the water meets the land (ignoring tides and waves for this example). The water surface marks an elevation we call sea aim, or zero. As you walk along the shore your elevation provide remain the same, you depart be following a limn line. If you stray from the shoreline and start walking into the ocean, the elevation of the ground (in this case the seafloor) is below sea level. If you stray the other direction and walk up the beach your elevation will be above sea level(See diagram at right).The contour line represented by the shoreline separates areas that have elevations above sea level from those that have elevations below sea level. We refer to contour lines in terms of their elevation above or below sea level. In this example the shoreline would be the zero contour line (it could be 0 ft., 0 m, or something else depending on the wholes we were using for elevation).Contour lines are useful because they allow us to show the shape of the land surface (topography) on a map. The two diagrams below illustrate the same island. The diagram on the left is a view from the case (cross profile view) such as you would see from a ship offshore. The diagram at right is a view from above (map view) such as you would see from an airplane flying over the island.The shape of the island is shown by location shoreline on the map. Remember this shore line is a contour line. It separates areas that are above sea level from those that are below sea level. The shoreline itself is right at zero so we will call it the 0 ft. contour line (we could use m., cm. in., or any other measurement for elevation).The shape of the island is more complicated than the outline of the shoreline shown on the map above. From the profile it is clear that the islands topography varies (that is some parts are higher(prenominal) than others). This is not obvious on map with only one contour line. But contour lines passel have elevations other than sea level. We discount shew this by pretending that we cigaret convert the depth of the ocean. The diagram below shows an island that is getting flooded as we raise the water level 10 ft above the passkey sea level.The new island is obviously smaller than the original island. All of the land that was less than 10 ft. above the original sea level is now under water. Only land where the elevation was greater than 10 ft. above sea level remains out of the water. The new shoreline of the island is a contour line because all of the situations along this line have the same elevation, exactly the elevation of this contour line is 10 ft above the elevation of the original shoreline. We repeat these processes in the tw o diagrams below. By raising water levels to 20 ft and 30 ft above the original see level we send word feel the location of the 20ft and 30 ft contour lines. Notice our islands get smaller and smaller.Fortunately we do not really have to flood the institution to make contour lines. Unlike shorelines, contour lines are imaginary. They just exist on maps. If we take each of the shorelines from the maps above and draw them on the same map we will get a topographic map (see map below). Taken all unneurotic the contour lines supply us with much information on the topography of the island. From the map (and the profile) we can see that this island has two high points. The highest point is above 30 ft elevation (inside the 30 ft contour line). The second high point is above 20 ft in elevation, that does not reach 30 ft. These high points are at the ends of a ridge that runs the space of the island where elevations are above 10 ft. Lower elevations, mingled with the 10 ft contour and sea level surround this ridge.With practice we can picture topography by looking at the map even without the cross profile. That is the power of topographic maps.READING ELEVATIONSA common use for a topographic map is to chink the elevation at a specified locality. The map below is an enlargement of the map of the island from above. individually of the letters from A to E represent locations for which we wish to determine elevation. Use the map and determine (or reckon) the elevation of each of the 5 points. (Assume elevations are given in feet) summit A = 0 ftPoint A sits right on the 0 ft contour line. Since all points on this line have an elevation of 0 ft, the elevation of point A is zero.Point B = 10 ft.Point B sits right on the 10 ft contour line. Since all points on this line have an elevation of 10 ft, the elevation of point B is 10 ft.Point C 15 ft.Point C does not sit directly on a contour line so we can not determine the elevation precisely. We do know that point C i s between the 10ft and 20 ft contour lines so its elevation must be greater than 10 ft and less than 20 ft. Because point C is halfway between these contour lines we can bet the elevation is about 15 feet (Note this assumes that the careen is constant between the two contour lines, this may not be the case).Point D 25 ft.We are even less sure of the elevation of point D than point C. Point D is inside the 20 ft. contour line indicating its elevation is above 20 ft. Its elevation has to be less than 30 ft. because there is no 30 ft. contour line shown. But how much less? at that place is no way to tell. The elevation could be 21 ft, or it could be 29 ft. There is now way to tell from the map. (An eight foot difference in elevation doesnt seem like much, but remember these numbers are just an example. If the contour lines were spaced at 100 ft legal separations instead of 10 ft., the difference would be a more significant 80 ft.)Point E 8 ft.Just as with point C above, we clai m to estimate the elevation of point E somewhere between the 0 ft and 10 ft contour lines it lies in between. Because this point is closer to the 10 ft line than the 0 ft. line we estimate an elevation closer to 10. In this case 8 ft. seems reasonable. Again this estimation makes the assumption of a constant slope between these two contour lines.CONTOUR INTERVAL and INDEX CONTOURSContour IntervalsContour lines can be drawn for any elevation, but to simplify things notwithstanding lines for certain elevations are drawn on a topographic map. These elevations are chosen to be evenly spaced vertically. This vertical spacing is referred to as the contour interval. For example the maps above used a 10 ft contour interval. Each the contour line was a multiple of 10 ft. (i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30). Other common intervals seen on topographic maps are 20 ft (0, 20, 40, 60, etc), 40 ft (0, 40, 80, 120, etc), 80 ft (0, 80, 160, 220, etc), and 100ft (0, 100, 200, 300, etc). The contour interval chosen for a map depends on the topography in the mapped area. In areas with high relief the contour interval is usually larger to prevent the map from having too many contour lines, which would make the map difficult to read.The contour interval is constant for each map. It will be noted on the margin of the map. You can also determine the contour interval by looking at how many contour lines are between labeled contours.Index ContoursUnlike the simple topographic map used above, real topographic maps have many contour lines. It is not possible to label the elevation of each contour line. To make the map easier to read every fifth part contour line vertically is an advocator contour. Index contours are shown by darker brown lines on the map. These are the contour lines that are usually labeled.The example at right is a section of a topographic map. The brown lines are the contour lines. The thin lines are the normal contours the thick brown lines are the index contours. Notice that elev ations are lone(prenominal) marked on the thick lines.Because we only have a piece of the topographic map we can not look at the margin to find the contour interval. But since we know the elevation of the two index contours we can calculate the interval ourselves. The difference in elevation between the two index contours (800 700) is 100. We cross quintuple lines as we go from the 700 line to the 800 line (note we dont include the line we start on but we do include the line we finish on). Therefore we divide the elevation difference (100) by the number of lines (5) we will get the contour interval. In this case it is 20. We can check ourselves by counting up by 20 for each contour from the 700 line. We should reach 800 when we cross the 800 line.One piece of important information we can not determine from the contour lines on this map is the units of elevation. Is the elevation in feet, meters, or something else? There is a big difference between an elevation vary of 100 ft. an d 100 m (328 ft). The units of the contour lines can be found in the margin of the map. Most topographic maps in the United States use feet for elevation, but it is important to check because some do you meters.Once we know how to determine the elevation of the unmarked contour lines we should be able determine or at l eastmost estimate the elevation of any point on the map.Using the map below estimate the elevation of the points marked with lettersPoint A = 700An easy one. Just follow along the index contour from point A until you find a marked elevation. On real maps this may not be this easy. You may have to follow the index contour a long exceed to find a label.Point B = 740This contour line is not labeled. But we can see it is between the 700 and 800 contour line. From above we know the contour interval is 20 so if we count up two contour lines (40) from 700 we reach 740.Point C 770Point c is not directly on a contour line. But by counting up from 700 we can see it lies betwe en the 760 and 780 contour lines. Because it is in the middle of the two we can estimate its elevation as 770.Point D = 820Point D is outside the interval between the two measured contours. While it may seem obvious that it is 20 above the 800 contour, how do we know the slope hasnt changed and the elevation has started to back down? We can tell because if the slope stated back down we would need to repeat the 800 contour. Because the contour under point D is not an index contour it can not be the 800 contour, so must be 820.DETERMINING CONTOUR INTERVALSMost contour lines on topographic maps are not labeled with elevations. sooner the reader of the map needs to be able to figure out the elevation by using the labeled contour lines and the contour interval (see previous page for explanation). On most maps determining contour interval is easy, just look in the margin of the map and find where the contour interval is printed (i.e. Contour Interval 20 ft).For the maps on this web site, merely, the contour interval is not listed because we only parts of topographic maps, not the tout ensemble map which would include the margin notes. However we usually dont need to be given the contour interval. We can calculate from the labeled contours on the map as is done below.This method works if we dont have any topographical complications, areas where the elevation is not consistently increasing or consistently decreasing. With practice these areas can usually be easily recognized. Also this method does not tell the units for the contour interval. In the United States most topographic maps, but not all, use feet for elevation, however it is best to check the margin of the map to be sure.READING ELEVATIONSLets go back to the Spruce Knob area and practice reading elevations. On the map below are 10 squares labeled A through J.? Estimate the elevation for the point marked by each square (make sure to use the point under the square, not under the letter). Compare your answer s to the answers below. Recall that we find the contour interval on the previous page.ELEVATION of PointsA. 4400 ft Point A sits right on a labeled index contour. Just follow along the contour line until you reach the labelB. 4720 ft Point B sits on a contour line, but it is not an index contour and its elevation is not labeled. First lets look for a nearby index contour. There is one to the south and east of point B. This contour is labeled as 4600 ft. Next we need to determine if point B is above or below this index contour. Notice that is we keep going to the southeast we find contour lines of lower elevations (i.e. 3800 ft.). This means as we move away from 4600 ft. contour line toward point B we are going up heap. So point B is above 4600 ft. Count the contour lines from 4600 ft to point B, there are three. Each contour line is 40 ft. (from our previous discussion of the contour interval) so point B is 120 ft. above 4600 ft that is it is 4720 ft.C. 4236 ft Point C sits right on a labeled bench mark so its elevation is already written on the map.D. 4360 ft. Point D is on an unlabeled contour line. From our discussion of point B above, you can see that point D is on the slope below Spruce Knob. Just above point D is an index contour. If we trace along this contour line we see its elevation is 4400 ft. Since point D is the next contour line down knoll it is 40 ft lower.E 3800 ft. Point E is on an index contour. Follow along this contour line until you ar draw to the 3800 label.F. 4780 ft. Point E does not sit on a contour line so we can only estimate its elevation. The point is circled by several contour lines indicating it is a hill top (see the later discussion of depression contours to see why we know this is a hill). First lets figure out the elevation of the contour line that circles point F. Starting from the nearest index contour line (4600 ft) we count up by 40 for the quartette contour lines. This gives us 4760 ft (4600ft + 40 ft. x 4). Because point F is inside this contour line it must have an elevation above 4760 ft., but its elevation must be less than 4800 ft, differently there would be a 4800 contour line, which is not there. We dont really know the elevation just that it is between 4760ft. and 4800ft.G. 4080 ft. In order to determine the elevation of point G we first must recognize it is on the western slope of Spruce Knob. Looking at the index contours we see that point G is between 4400 ft and 4600 ft contours. (It is a good idea to check the elevations by counting by 40 for each of the contour lines between 4400 and 4600. If the numbers do not work out it may mean that the contour lines, and therefore the topography, are more complicated than a simple slope. That is not the case here.) calculation up two contour lines from 4400 ft. gives our elevation of 4080 ft.H. 4100 ft. Point H is circled by a contour line indicating it is the top of a small hill. Its elevation is determined the same way we determine the el evation of Point F. Find the index contour below point F (4000 ft) and count up for the two contour lines (4080 ft). Point F is above this elevation but below 4120 ft because this contour line is not present.I 3980 ft. Point I is also not on a contour line. It is also not on the top of a hill because a contour line does not encircle it. Instead it is in between to contour lines on the side of a hill. One of the contour lines is the 4000 ft index contour. The other contour is 3960 ft contour (40 ft lower, you can tell it is lower because you are moving toward the stream which is in the bottom of the valley). The elevation of point I is between 3960ft and 4000ft. Since point I is midway between these two contours we can estimate its elevation as midway between 3960 and 4000.J 3820 ft. The elevation of point J is found the same way as the elevation of point I.Gradient (Slope)Topographic maps are not just used for determining elevation they can also be used to aid visualize topography . The key is to study the pattern of the contour lines, not just the elevation they represent. One of the most basic topographic observation that can be made is the gradient (or slope) of the ground surface. High (or infuse) gradients occur in areas where there is a large change in elevation over a short outer space. Low (or gentle) gradients occur where there is little change in elevation over he same infinite. Gradients are obviously relative. What would be considered steep in some areas (like Ohio) might be considered gentle in another (like Montana). However we can still compare gradients between different parts of a map.On a topographic map the amount of elevation change is related to the number of contour lines. Using the same contour interval the more contour lines over the same duration indicates a steeper slope. As a result areas of a map where the contour lines are close together indicate steeper slopes. Areas with widely spaced contour lines are gentle slopes. The ma p below examples of areas with steep and gentle gradient. Note the difference in contour line spacing between the two areas.Compare the slope of the west side of Spruce Knob with the slope of the east side. Which side is steeper?..The east side. Notice the spacing between the contour lines. Contour lines on the east side of Spruce Knob are closer together than the contour lines on the west side indicating steeper slopes.Map ScaleTopographic maps are drawn to casing. This means that distances on a map are proportional to distances on the ground. For example, if two cities 20 miles apart are shown 2 inches apart on a map, then any other locations that are two inches apart on the map are also 20 miles apart. This proportion, the map dental plate, is constant for the map so it holds for any points on the map. In our example the proportion between tantamount(predicate) distances on the map and on the ground is verbalised as a surpass of 1 inch = 10 miles, that is 1 inch on the map i s equal to 10 miles on the ground. Map outgos can be expressed in three forms. We will look at all three.VERBAL racing shellThe simplest form of map scale is a VERBAL SCALE. A communicative scale just states what distance on a map is equal to what distance on the ground, i.e. 1 inch = 10 miles from our example above. Though verbal scales are easy to understand, you usually will not find them printed on topographic maps. Instead our second type of scale is used.FRACTIONAL SCALEFractional scales are written as fractions (1/62500) or as ratios (162500). Unlike verbal scales, waist-length scales do not have units. Instead it is up to the map reader to provide his/her own units. Allowing the reader of the map to choose his/her own units provides more flexibility but it also requires a little more work. Basically the aliquot scale needs to turn in to a verbal scale to make it useful.First lets look at what a fractional scale means. A fractional scale is just the ratio of map distanc e to the equivalent distance on the ground using the same units for both. It is very important to remember when we start changing a fractional scale to a verbal scale the both map and ground units start the same. The smaller number of the fractional scale is the distance on the map. The larger number in the scale is the distance on the ground.So if we take our example scale (162500) we can choose units we want to measure distance in. Lets chose inches. We can rewrite our fractional scale as a verbal scale1 inch on the map = 62500 inches on the ground.We can do the same thing used with any unit of length. Some examples of verbal scales originated using various units from a 162500 fractional scale are given in the tableUNITS VERBAL SCALEInches 1 inch on the map = 62500 inches on the ground.Feet 1 foot on the map = 62500 feet on the groundcm 1 cm on the map = 62500 cm on the groundM 1 m on the map = 62500 m on the groundNotice the pattern. The numbers are the same, only the units are changed. Note that the same units are used on both sides of each of the verbal scale.While these verbal scales are perfectly accurate, they are not very convenient. While we may want to measure distance on a map in inches, we rarely want to know the distance on the ground in inches. If someone asks you the distance from Cleveland to Columbus they do not want the answer in inches. Instead we need to convert our verbal scale into more useful units.Lets take our example (1 inch on the map = 62500 inches on the ground). Measuring map distance in inches is OK, but we need to come up with a better unit for measuring distance on the ground. Lets change 62500 inches into the equivalent in feet (I choose feet because I remember that there are 12 inches in 1 foot). If we multiple 62500 inches by the fraction (1 ft / 12 in) inches in the numerator and denominator cancel leaving an answer in feet. Remember, since 1 ft = 12 inches, multiplying by (1 ft / 12 in) is the same as multiplying by 1. T he result of this multiplication gives62500 inches x (1 ft / 12 in) = 5208.3 ftSo we can rewrite our verbal scale as 1 inch on the map = 5208.3 feet on the ground.This is also a perfectly effectual verbal scale, but what if we wanted to know the distance in miles instead of feet. We just need to change 5208.3 feet into miles (we could change 62500 inches into miles but I never remember how many inches are in 1 mile). Knowing that there are 5280 feet in a mile5208.3 ft x (1 mi/5280 ft) = 0.986 mi.So our verbal scale would be 1 inch on the map = 0.986 miles on the ground. For most practical purposes we can round this off to 1 inch on the map 1mile on the ground, making this scale much easier to deal with.We can do the same type of conversions using metric units. One of the ways to express a fractional scale of 162500 as a verbal scale using metric units is 1 cm on the map = 62500 cm on the ground (see table above). As with inches, we really do not want ground distances in cms. Inste ad we can convert them into more convent units.Lets convert our ground distance from cms into meters. Recall that there are 100 cm in a meter. So62500 cm x (1m / 100cm) = 625 m.So we can write a verbal scale of 1 cm on the map = 625 m on the ground.What if we want our distance in kilometers (km). We just change 625 m into km by multiplying by (1km/1000m). The result is a verbal scale of 1 cm on the map = 0.625 km on the ground.So for any fractional scale we can choose the same units to assign to both sides and then convert those units as we see fit to produce a verbal scale. Given all of the possible map scales and all of the possible combination of units that can be used it may seem that scales on topographic maps a very complicated. In fact there are only a few scales commonly used, and each is chosen to allow at least one simple verbal scale. The most common fractional scales on United States topographic maps and equivalent verbal scales are given in the table below.FRACTIONAL SC ALE simple(a) VERBAL SCALE124000 1 in = 24000 ft162500 1 in 1 mi1100000 1 cm = 1 km1125000 1 in 2 mi1250000 1 in 4 miAfter all this why would anyone in their write mind want to deal with fractional scales. Well, first as the table above shows its not that bad, and second, they allow us to get the most precise measurements off a topographic map. If we are not that concern about being precise we can use the third type of scale, discussed below. ostracize SCALEA bar scale is just a line drawn on a map of known ground length. There are usually distances marks along the line. Bar scales allow for quick visual estimation of distance. If more precision is needed just lay the edge of a piece of paper between points on the map you want to know the distance between and mark the points. Shift the paper edge to the bar scale and use the scale like a ruler to measure the map distance.Bar scales are easy to use, but there is one caution. Look at the typical bar scale drawn below. Note that th e left end of the bar is not zero. The total length of this bar is FIVE miles, not four miles. A common error with bar scales is to treat the left end of the line as zero and treat the whole bar as five miles long. Pay attention to where the zero point on the bar actually is when you measure with a bar scale.In addition to their ease of use, there is one other advantage of a bar scale. If a map is being enlarged or reduced, a bar scale will remain valid if it is enlarged and reduced by the same amount. Fractional and verbal scales will not be valid (unless they are adjusted for the enlargement or reduction, more fun calculations we will not worry about). This is a problem with the maps you are looking at on this web site. The actual scale of the map will vary depending on your computer monitor and its setting. For the maps on this site only bar scales are included since the size of the bar will also change with the size of the map. analogue and LongitudeIt is important when using to pographic maps to have some way to express location. You may want to tell someone where you are (i.e. help we are sinking at this location), or where to go (meet me at this location), or even just what map to look at (look at the map showing this location). In each case you need to be able to express your location as precisely as possible.There are many systems for expressing location. We will start by looking at one you are already familiar with latitude and longitude.Latitude and longitude lines form a grid on the earths surface. Latitude lines run east to west, longitude lines run north to south. Latitude lines run parallel to the equator and measure the distance north or south of the equator. Values for latitude range from 0 at the equator to 90 N or 90S at the poles. Longitude lines run parallel to the Prime Meridian (arbitrarily set to run through Greenwich, England) and measure distance east and west of this line. Values of longitude range from zero degrees at the Prime Merid ian to 180E or 180W.The basic unit of latitude and longitude is the degree (), but degrees are a large unit so we often have to deal with subdivisions of a degree. Sometimes we just use a decimal point, such as 35.789N. This format referred to as decimal degrees. Decimal degrees are often found as an option on Global Position Systems (GPS) or with online topographic maps, but decimal degrees are not used on printed maps. On these topographic maps the latitude and longitude units are expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes (). Each minute is divided into 60 seconds (). Note the similarity to units of time which makes these relationships easy to remember. If we are raise in a general location we may just use degrees. For more precision we specify minutes, or even seconds. Note that we always need to specify the larger unit. You cant specify your latitude or longitude with just minutes or seconds. A coordinate such as 25 is meaningless un less the degrees are also given, such as 45 25.The area covered by the quadrangle depends on the spacing of the latitude and longitude lines used in the grid. For maps of round the same size closer spaced lines produce maps that cover less area, but show more detail. Lines that are spaced further apart produce maps that cover much larger areas, but are not as detailed. Quadrangles are often

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of cerebrospinal FluidMagnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Congenital Brain AnomaliesProtocol of Thesis for Partial Fulfillment of Master Degree in RadiodiagnosisByEman Mahmoud Elsayed SobhM.B.B.ChRadiodiagnosis Resident Ministry of healthSupervisorsProf. Dr. Amany Ezzat Mohammed MousaProfessor of RadiodiagnosisFaculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityDr. Mahmoud Abd Ellatif MohammedAssistant Professor of RadiodiagnosisFaculty of MedicineMansoura University2017IntroductionCongenital brain anomalies are deviate developments of the brain that happen during intrauterine life and they are rare among the inhering anomalies of various organ systems. These anomalies of the central nervous system cause approximately 25% of perinatal deaths and account for round 33% of all major anomalies diagnosed at or after birth. The etiology of congenital brain anomalies is poorly understood, albeit some clinical and experimental evidence indicates that a variety of factors, including genetic (chromosome abnormality), environmental (ionizing radiation, toxic agents), infection (rubella and cytomegalovirus), and nutrition (hypervitaminosis A) might play some roles(Chen Zimmerman, 2000).It is important to diagnose these conditions as early as thinkable due to its far reaching neurological deficit and detrimental outcome. Most of the congenital brain anomalies apprise be reliably diagnosed by neuro vision (computed tomography or magnetized resonance imaging) of the brain. Radiologist and treating physician should be aware of various specific imaging appearances and unique signs of these anomalies to avoid delay in diagnosis and thereby further treatment (Singh, Srivastav, Singhania, Devi, 2014).Imaging techniques may be underutilized when clinicians are unaware of the technique or dont recognize its potential. During the last three decades, unravel-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been in creasingly applied to quantitatively and qualitatively assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics in congenital brain disorders. CSF flowmetry is an extremely worth(predicate) tool because it is rapid, sensitive, non-invasive, easily performed and provides critical information in preoperative assessment as well as post-operative follow up of these patients. It is also effective in treatment planning (Yildiz, Yazici, Hakyemez, Erdogan, Parlak, 2006 Zhang Li, 2012).Phase contrast MRI is one the magnetic resonance angiography techniques that have been modified to study the CSF hydrodynamics. The normal and abnormal CSF hydrodynamics can be assessed quantitatively by measuring the peak velocity of CSF in the aqueduct using two-dimensional phase-contrast MRI which demonstrates mechanical coupling between cerebral line of products and CSF flow during the cardiac cycle. The normal physiologic motion of CSF is pulsatile which synchronizes with the cardiac cycle. Quantitative analysi s of CSF flow in pathways such as aqueduct that is tubular and relatively unremitting in diameter is desirable because the resulting laminar flow can be measured accurately by phase-contrast MRI. Qualitative assessment provides visual appreciation of the CSF flow through the aqueduct and basal cisterns. (Giiang, Chen, Chen, Huang, Chung, 2000).Aim of WorkThe aim of this work is to assess the CSF flow dynamics in different congenital brain anomalies using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI).PatientsSite of the study Mansoura University Hospital, Radiodiagnosis Department, MRI unitSample size 30 patientsDuration within 1 yearInclusion CriteriaPatients with congenital brain anomalies diagnosed clinically or radiologicallyExclusion criteriaPatients / Guardians refusing the procedurePatients have contraindications to MRI studiesPatients with associated known arrhythmiasMethodologyAll patients will be subjected toFull clinical examRadiological investigations (MRI includi ng phase contrast study of CSF flow dynamics)Electrocardiograph (ECG)Informed consent will be obtained from all patients after full explanation of the benefits and risks of the procedure. any unexpected risks appear during the course of the research will be cleared to the participants and the ethical committee on timeAny patients will be set in the hospital if any complications occur to them related to the techniquePrivacy and confidentiality will be maintained to all patients.ReferencesChen, C.-Y., Zimmerman, R. A. (2000). Congenital brain anomalies Neuroimaging (pp. 491-530) Springer.Giiang, L.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Chen, M.-Y., Huang, T.-Y., Chung, W. (2000). Normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics evaluated by optimized cine phase-contrast MR imaging. Chin J Radiol, 25, 191-195.Singh, T. G., Srivastav, V., Singhania, P., Devi, S. M. (2014). Congenital brain anomalies Neuroimaging findings. Journal of Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, 3(2), 77.Yildiz, H., Yazici, Z., Hakyemez, B., Erdogan, C., Parlak, M. (2006). Evaluation of CSF flow patterns of posterior fossa cystic malformations using CSF flow MR imaging. Neuroradiology, 48(9), 595-605. doi10.1007/s00234-006-0098-8Zhang, B., Li, S. B. (2012). Cine-PC MR in assessment of cerebrospinal fluid velocity in the aqueduct of the midbrain correlated with intracranial pressureinitial study. Med Hypotheses, 78(2), 227-230. doi10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.031

Explain How And Why The Jews W :: essays research papers

Explain how and why the Jews were persecuted in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Explain why it was so difficult to renounce the persecution of the Jews.Between the years 1920 and 1930, many stereotypes of Jews developed in Europe. All Jews were seen as large nosed, wealthy, obese, dirty, ugly, smelly, dishonest, greedy, and deceitful people. They were also seen as drunk, perverted, and seducing people. In fact any sad point you can say about anybody, they were classed to be. The only thing that Jews could understand was the whip. thither was a lot of propaganda in Der Sturmer, a German magazine/ newspaper about the Jews. A good example of that is a cartoon of a stereotypical Jew hugging what could be taken for a young Aryan woman. in that respect is a bottle of alcohol on the floor. This shows the Jew to be a perverted, alcoholic user. Looking at the propaganda on the Jews, all of the visual pictures of the Jews had elderly people on them instead of young Jews. They used old peo ple because it is easier to make an older person look uglier than she/he actually is.The ideas for these stereotypes originally formed when the Romans became Christians. These Christians were against those who remained traditional Jews. They tested to turn people against Judaism. The Christian stereotype of a Jew was a dishonest, scheming character, responsible for lots of evil things. During the Medieval period, myths developed, enhancing the general appearance of the stereotypes that had previously been formed. The kin Libel was a myth that stated that Jews used Christian kidskinrens blood to bake their Passover bread. This idea was often aroused when a Christian child went missing. The Black Death was supposed to have been caused by Jewish people poisoning the rivers and seas. This could not have happened, because otherwise it would also have affected the Jews themselves. emotional state was very normal before the Nazis came to power, says a woman who was a Jewish girl born in 1921. Jewish children could go to a Yiddish speaking schools. There was little conflict between the two religions and 13 million Jews lived in Europe. In Germany, Jews formed 1% of the population. They had a sense of belonging to the German race. later World War I, Germany was forced to sign, the Treaty of Versailles, which meant that she, was plunged into a desperate situation.

Antigone: Hero Or Fool? Essay -- Greek tragic hero

     In Greek literature, a tragic hero is based upon an individual having several of the following qualities having a proud social position in society not being overly good or bad being persistant or stubborn in their actions having a single flaw that brings about their own death and the death of others and obtaining pity from the audience.     Antigone was a prime example of a Greek tragic hero. Antigone, being the miss of Oedipus, obtained a high social standing in Thebes. Prior to his self-exile from Thebes, Oedipus was the citys king. Because of her high standing in society, Antigone was capable of great suffering, in that she had a reputation and a vast amount of respect to lose.     Antigones good side is demonstrated by her insistance on respecting her brother Polyneices right to be buried in the religious usage of Greece. The Greeks believed that it was of most importance to bury a person who died in battle so t hat their soul may continue on in the after life. Antigone is volition to risk her own life so that Polyneices can have to proper burial that she so strongly feels he deserved "but I give bury him and if I must die, I say that this crime is holy I shall lie down with him in death, and I shall be dear to him as he to me." (Prologue, line 57-59)      Having a fatal flaw is one of the characteristics of a Greek tragic hero. Antigon...